Cracking the AP biology exam

315 Pages·2011·0.23 MB·English

by  Kim Magloire

Editorial
Rob Franek, VP Test Prep Books, Publisher
Seamus Mullarkey, Associate Publisher
Laura Braswell, Senior Editor
Selena Coppock, Editor
Heather Brady, Editor
Random House Publishing Team
Tom Russell, Publisher
Nicole Benhabib, Publishing Manager
Ellen L. Reed, Production Manager
Alison Stoltzfus, Associate Managing Editor
The Princeton Review, Inc.
111 Speen Street, Suite 550
Framingham, MA 01701
E-mail: [email protected]
The Princeton Review is not a�liated with Princeton University.
Copyright © 2011 by The Princeton Review, Inc.
Cover design © 2011 Random House, Inc.
Cover art © 2011 Wavebreak Media Ltd/Alamy
All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada
Limited, Toronto.
eISBN: 978-0-307-94440-5
ISSN: 1092-0080
Editor: Kristen O’Toole
Production Editor: Michael Breslosky
2012 Edition
v3.1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks go to the sta� of The Princeton Review. Also, I would like to
dedicate this book to my parents who instilled in me a love for science.
Thanks also to Andrew Taggart for his work on this edition of the book.
CONTENTS
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Acknowledgments
INTRODUCTION
1      ORIENTATION
What Is the AP Biology Exam?
Who Writes the AP Biology Exam?
The Princeton Review Approach
How Much Biology Do You Need to Know?
The Structure of the Test
Using The Princeton Review Approach to Crack the System
Let’s Get Cracking!
2      THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Elements
The Essential Elements of Life
Subatomic Particles
Compounds
Water: The Versatile Molecule
The Acid Test
Organic Molecules
The Heterotroph Hypothesis
Key Words
Chapter 2 Quiz
3      CELLS
Living Things
What Are the Di�erent Types of Cells?
Key Words
Chapter 3 Quiz
4      CELLULAR ENERGETICS
Bioenergetics
Enzymes
Types of Reactions
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Aerobic Respiration
Chemiosmosis
Anaerobic Respiration
Key Words
Chapter 4 Quiz
5      PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The Anatomy of a Leaf
A Closer Look at Photosynthesis
Key Words
Chapter 5 Quiz
6      MOLECULAR GENETICS
DNA: The Blueprint of Life
The Molecular Structure of DNA
Why DNA Is Important
DNA Replication
RNA
Protein Synthesis
Mutations
Recombinant DNA
Biotechnology
Key Words
Chapter 6 Quiz
7      CELL REPRODUCTION
Cell Division
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis: The Dance of the Chromosomes
Haploids Versus Diploids
An Overview of Meiosis
A Closer Look at Meiosis
Key Words
Chapter 7 Quiz
8      HEREDITY
Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics
Mendelian Genetics
Beyond Mendelian Genetics
Sex-Linked Traits
Key Words
Chapter 8 Quiz
9      DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS
Taxonomy
How Classi�cation Works
I. Kingdom Archaebacteria
II. Kingdom Eubacteria
III. Kingdom Protista
IV. Kingdom Fungi
V. Kingdom Plantae
VI. Kingdom Animalia
Viruses
Key Words
Chapter 9 Quiz
10    PLANTS
Plant Classi�cation
Life Cycle of Plants
Plant Growth
Special Structures in Plants
Tropical Tropisms
Key Words
Chapter 10 Quiz
11    ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
I. The Digestive System
Key Words
Digestive System Quiz
II. The Respiratory System
Key Words
Respiratory System Quiz
III. The Circulatory System
Key Words
Circulatory System Quiz
IV. The Lymphatic and Immune System
Key Words
Lymphatic and Immune System Quiz
V. The Excretory System
Key Words
Excretory System Quiz
VI. The Nervous System
Key Words
Nervous System Quiz
VII. The Musculoskeletal System
Key Words
Musculoskeletal System Quiz
VIII. The Endocrine System
Key Words
Endocrine System Quiz
IX. The Reproductive System and Embryonic Development
Key Words
Key Words
Reproductive System and Embryonic Development Quiz
12    EVOLUTION
Natural Selection
Genetic Variability
Causes of Evolution
Species
Population Genetics
Key Words
Chapter 12 Quiz
13    ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY
Behavior
Instincts
Ecology
Population Ecology
Human Impact on the Environment
Key Words
Chapter 13 Quiz
14    THE FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS
The Essays
Grading Checklist
Sample Essays
How to Use Our Practice Essays
Sample Essay Questions
15    LABORATORY
Lab 1: Di�usion and Osmosis
Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis
Lab 3: Mitosis and Meiosis
Lab 4: Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis
Lab 5: Cell Respiration
Lab 6: Molecular Biology
Lab 7: Genetics of Organisms
Lab 8: Population Genetics and Evolution
Lab 9: Transpiration
Lab 10: Physiology and the Circulatory System
Lab 11: Animal Behavior
Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity
16    ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS TO THE CHAPTER QUIZZES
17    THE PRINCETON REVIEW AP BIOLOGY PRACTICE TEST 1
Section I
Section II
18    ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1
19    THE PRINCETON REVIEW AP BIOLOGY PRACTICE TEST 2
Section I
Section II
20    ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 2
Index
Introduction