Table Of ContentLecture Notes on Data Engineering
and Communications Technologies 60
K. C. Santosh
Amit Joshi Editors
COVID-19:
Prediction,
Decision-Making,
and its Impacts
Lecture Notes on Data Engineering
and Communications Technologies
Volume 60
SeriesEditor
FatosXhafa,TechnicalUniversityofCatalonia,Barcelona,Spain
Theaimofthebookseriesistopresentcuttingedgeengineeringapproachestodata
technologiesandcommunications.Itwillpublishlatestadvancesontheengineering
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andcommunicationsystems.
The series will have a prominent applied focus on data technologies and
communications with aim to promote the bridging from fundamental research on
data science and networking to data engineering and communications that lead to
industryproducts,businessknowledgeandstandardisation.
IndexedbySCOPUS,INSPEC.
All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of
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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/15362
·
K. C. Santosh Amit Joshi
Editors
COVID-19: Prediction,
Decision-Making, and its
Impacts
Editors
K.C.Santosh AmitJoshi
TheUniversityofSouthDakota GlobalKnowledgeResearchFoundation
Vermillion,SD,USA Ahmedabad,India
ISSN2367-4512 ISSN2367-4520 (electronic)
LectureNotesonDataEngineeringandCommunicationsTechnologies
ISBN978-981-15-9681-0 ISBN978-981-15-9682-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9682-7
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Preface
The book aims to outline the issues of AI and COVID-19, involving predictions,
medicalsupportdecision-making,andpossibleimpactonhumanlife.Startingwith
major COVID-19 issues and challenges, it takes possible AI-based solutions for
several problems, such as public health surveillance, early (epidemic) prediction,
COVID-19 positive case detection, and robotics integration against COVID-19.
Besidemathematicalmodeling,itincludesthenecessityofchangesininnovations
and possible COVID-19 impacts. The book covers a clear understanding of AI-
driventoolsandtechniques,wherepatternrecognition,anomalydetection,machine
learning, and data analytics are considered. It aims to include the wide range of
audiencesfromcomputerscienceandengineeringtohealthcareprofessionals.
Intotal,thebookiscomposedof14chapters.Thefirst10chaptersarerelatedto
prediction,screening,anddecision-making.Theremaining4chapterscoverpossible
COVID-19impacts.
In Chapter “Artificial Intelligence (AI) Joins the Fight Against COVID-19”,
authorsdiscussonhowAIcanbeusedtoanalyzetheclinicalandsocialpatternsdue
toCOVID-19outbreakandhelpfightagainstCOVID-19(orrelatedpandemics).
InChapter“AIforCovid-19:ConduitsforPublicHealthSurveillance”,authors
address the importance and/or need of AI for COVID-19 when public health into
account.Authorstooktwocasestudies:AustraliaandCanadaintheirassessments.
In Chapter “A Pre-screening Approach for COVID 19 Testing based on Belief
Rule-Based Expert System”, authors study belief rule-based tool to detect the
likelihoodofCOVID-19positivecases.
In Chapter “Local Analytical System for Early Epidemic Detection”, authors
develop a tool that is useful for detecting early epidemic event(s), where faster
analyticaltoolsarediscussed.
InChapter“ImplementingEarlyDetectionSystemforCovid-19UsingAnomaly
Detection”,authorsprovideatoolthatcandetectearlysymptomsbyusinganomaly
detectiontechniques.Thecoreideaofthechapteristoprovideimplementationdetails
onanomalydetector(aninteractivetool)forCOVID-19.
InChapter“Covid-19ClassificationBasedonGray-LevelCo-occurrenceMatrix
andSupportVectorMachine”,authorsused148chestCTimagestodetectpossible
v
vi Preface
COVID-19positivecasesbytaking10-foldcross-validationintoaccount.Itdefinitely
bringsanideaonhowCTimagescanbeusedtodetectCOVID-19positivecases.
In Chapter “Rough Sets in COVID-19 to Predict Symptomatic Cases”, authors
studyaninterestingideaonroughsetstheorytostudyinadequateknowledge(incom-
plete information). In their study, the primary study is to work is to minimize the
numberofsymptomsofCOVID-19byroughsettheoryapproachforbetterdecision
making.Thissymptoms-basedpredictioncouldhelpuswhilecheckingpatientsand
decision-makerscouldbebenefitedwhilemakingpoliciesandguidelines.
InChapter“COVID-19DetectionviaWaveletEntropyandBiogeography-Based
Optimization”, authors experimented on chestCTimages (132 patients)by taking
Wavelet Entropy-based features and Biogeography-based Optimization as training
algorithm.
InChapter“MachineLearninginFightingPandemics:ACOVID-19CaseStudy”,
authorsdiscussonhowmachinelearningcanbeemployedforanypandemics,and
theyconsiderCOVID-19,acasestudy.
In Chapter “Healthcare Robots to Combat COVID-19”, authors review an
advancementinrobotictechnologiesandtheirusefulnessinhealthcaresystemsaswe
considerthathealthcarerobotsareexpectedtoassistsmedicalexpertsand/orhealth-
careprofessionals(bothinhospitalandnon-hospitalsettings).Further,thischapter
provides an overview of various types of assistive robots employed for healthcare
servicesespeciallyinfightingpandemicandnaturaldisasters
In Chapter “COVID-19: A Necessity for Changes and Innovations”,
authors reported the need for changes and required innovations, where tradi-
tional/conventionaltools/techniquesmaynotofferenoughluxurytofindsolutions.
Inotherwords,data-drivenAItools/techniquesaremust.
InChapter“PredictiontoServiceDelivery:AIinAction”,authorsconsiderthe
needofAIandautomationwithrespecttoCOVID-19,toincreaseproductivity.In
otherwords,thechapteraimstothrowlightonhowthistechnologyisbeingleveraged
withaspecialemphasisonhowAIisrevolutionizingEducation4.0.
InChapter“COVID-19ImpactsConstructionIndustry:Now,thenandFuture”,
authorshighlighttheimpactofnovelCoronavirusontheconstructionindustryasso-
ciated with risk assessment and on how to implement the safety measures for the
workersduringandpostpandemic.
InChapter“COVID-19onAirQualityIndex(AQI):ANecessaryEvil?”,authors
studytheimpactofCOVID-19onAQI.Intheirchapterunlikesomanyunprecedented
disastrouseffectshappeningacrosstheworld,AQIhasbeenimprovedduetohalton
constantairpollutingactivities.Authorscallit“anecessaryevil”asitishappening
foragoodreason.Intheirassessment,theyanalyzethevariationinAQIbytaking
UnitedStates,Brazil,India,Australia,China,andTaiwanintoaccount.Thischapter
bringsanoptimisminhumanlives,whichwecall‘silver-lining’.
SouthDakota,USA K.C.Santosh
Ahmedabad,India AmitJoshi
Contents
ArtificialIntelligence(AI)JoinstheFightAgainstCOVID-19 .......... 1
MohamedChawki
AIforCovid-19:ConduitsforPublicHealthSurveillance ............. 9
C.Unnithan,J.Hardy,andN.Lilley
APre-screeningApproachforCOVID-19TestingBasedonBelief
Rule-BasedExpertSystem ......................................... 19
TanviAroraandRiturajSoni
LocalAnalyticalSystemforEarlyEpidemicDetection ................ 29
YumnamSomanandaSingh,YumnamKirani,andYumnamJayantaSingh
Implementing Early Detection System for Covid-19 Using
AnomalyDetection ................................................ 39
RishikesanSrikusanandMugunthanKarunamoorthy
Covid-19 Classification Based on Gray-Level Co-occurrence
MatrixandSupportVectorMachine ................................ 47
YihaoChen
RoughSetsinCOVID-19toPredictSymptomaticCases .............. 57
HaribhauR.Bhapkar, ParikshitN.Mahalle, GitanjaliR.Shinde,
andMuftiMahmud
COVID-19DetectionviaWaveletEntropyandBiogeography-Based
Optimization ...................................................... 69
XujingYaoandJiHan
MachineLearninginFightingPandemics:ACOVID-19CaseStudy ... 77
MuftiMahmudandM.ShamimKaiser
HealthcareRobotstoCombatCOVID-19 ............................ 83
M.ShamimKaiser, ShamimAlMamun, MuftiMahmud,
andMarziaHoqueTania
vii
viii Contents
COVID-19:ANecessityforChangesandInnovations ................. 99
HimadriMukherjee,AnkitaDhar,Sk.Md.Obaidullah,K.C.Santosh,
andKaushikRoy
PredictiontoServiceDelivery:AIinAction .......................... 107
MeenakshiS.AryaandS.PrasannaDevi
COVID-19ImpactsConstructionIndustry:Now,thenandFuture ..... 115
SoumiMajumderandDebasishBiswas
COVID-19onAirQualityIndex(AQI):ANecessaryEvil? ............ 127
AnkitChaudhary,VedikaGupta,NikitaJain,andK.C.Santosh
Editors and Contributors
AbouttheEditors
Dr.K.C.Santosh,Ph.D. (IEEE Senior Member) is the Chair and an Associate
Professor of the and Graduate Program Director at the Department of Computer
ScienceattheUniversityofSouthDakota(USD).BeforejoiningUSD,Dr.Santosh
worked as a Research Fellow at the US National Library of Medicine (NLM),
NationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH).HeworkedasaPostdoctoralResearchScientist
attheLORIAResearchCentre,UniversitedeLorraine,indirectcollaborationwith
ITESOFT, France. He also served as a Research Scientist at the INRIA Nancy
Grand Est Research Centre, France, where he has received his Ph.D. diploma in
ComputerScience.Dr.Santoshhaspublishedmorethan70peer-reviewedresearch
articles,100conferenceproceedings,and11bookchapters.Hehasauthoredbooks,
andedited3books,14journalissues,and6conferenceproceedings.Heiscurrently
Editor-In-Chief of IJSIP and an Associate Editor for several journals, such as
International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics and IEEE Access. He
hasalsochairedmorethan10internationalconferenceevents.Hisresearchprojects
have been funded by multiple agencies, including the SDCRGP, Department of
Education (DOE), and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Dr. Santosh is the
proud recipient of the Presidents Research Excellence Award (USD, 2019) and an
awardfromtheDepartmentofHealth&HumanServices(2014).
Dr.AmitJoshi,Ph.D. is currently the Director of Global Knowledge Research
Foundation, also an Entrepreneur & Researcher who has completed his master’s
andresearchintheareasofcloudcomputingandcryptographyinmedicalimaging.
Dr. Joshi has an experience of around 10 years in academic and industry in pres-
tigious organizations. Dr. Joshi is an active member of ACM, IEEE, CSI, AMIE,
IACSIT, Singapore, IDES, ACEEE, NPA, and many other professional societies.
Currently, Dr. Joshi is the International Chair of InterYIT at International Federa-
tionofInformationProcessing(IFIP,Austria).Hehaspresentedandpublishedmore
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