Coupled CFD-DEM modeling : formulation, implementation and applications to multiphase flows

386 Pages·2016·7.194 MB·English

by  Mostoufi, Navid, Norouzi, Hamid Reza, Sotudeh-Gharebagh, Rahmat, Zarghami, Reza

Coupled CFd‐deM
Modeling
Coupled CFd‐deM
Modeling
ForMulation, iMpleMentation
and appliCation
to Multiphase Flows
hamid reza norouzi
reza Zarghami
rahmat sotudeh‐gharebagh
navid Mostoufi
School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering,
University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
This edition first published 2016
© 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
First Edition published in 2016
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Norouzi, Hamid Reza, 1985– author. | Zarghami, Reza, 1973– author. | Sotudeh-Gharebagh,
Rahmat, 1964– author. | Mostoufi, Navid, author.
Title: Coupled CFD-DEM modeling : formulation, implementation and application to multiphase flows /
Hamid Reza Norouzi, Reza Zarghami, Rahmat Sotudeh-Gharebagh, Navid Mostoufi.
Description: Chichester, UK ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016025074 | ISBN 9781119005131 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119005292 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Computational fluid dynamics–Mathematical models. | Discrete element method–Mathematical models.
Classification: LCC TA357.5.D37 N67 2016 | DDC 620.1/064015111–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016025074
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover (background) image: Gettyimages/KTSDESIGN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
1 2016
To our families, for their continuous support and understanding.
Contents
About the Authors xi
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Multiphase Coupling 2
1.2 Modeling Approaches 2
1.3 Modeling with DEM 5
1.4 CFD‐DEM Modeling 7
1.5 Applications 10
1.6 Scope and Overall Plan 10
1.7 Online Content 12
References 12
Part I DEM 15
2 DEM Formulation 17
2.1 Hard‐Sphere 18
2.1.1 Equation of Motion 19
2.1.2 Collision Model 19
2.1.3 Interparticle Forces 22
2.2 Soft‐Sphere 24
2.2.1 Equations of Motion 25
2.3 Force‐Displacement Laws 27
2.3.1 Linear Viscoelastic Model 29
2.3.2 Nonlinear Viscoelastic Models 36
2.3.3 Comparison of Viscoelastic Force‐Displacement Models 45
2.3.4 Elastic Perfectly Plastic Models 49
viii Contents
2.4 Torque Expressions 56
2.4.1 Model A: Constant Torque Model 56
2.4.2 Model B: Viscous Model 57
2.4.3 Model C: Spring‐Dashpot Model 57
2.5 Boundary and Initial Conditions 58
2.5.1 Boundary Conditions 58
2.5.2 Initial Condition 60
Nomenclature 60
References 64
3 DEM Implementation 68
3.1 Computational View 68
3.2 Program Structure 71
3.3 Contact Search Algorithms 76
3.3.1 Definition of Problem 79
3.3.2 Cell‐Based Algorithms 80
3.3.3 Sort‐Based Algorithms 96
3.3.4 Tree‐Based Broad Search Algorithms 99
3.3.5 Fine Search for Spherical Particles 103
3.4 Integration Methods 103
3.4.1 Single‐Step Methods 106
3.4.2 Multi‐Step Algorithms 110
3.4.3 Predictor‐Corrector Methods 112
3.4.4 Evaluation of Integration Methods 114
3.5 Spring Stiffness 119
3.5.1 Maximum Overlap 122
3.5.2 Collision Time and Maximum Contact Force 123
3.6 Wall Implementation 123
3.6.1 Definition of Wall Elements 125
3.6.2 Contact Detection 128
3.6.3 Moving Wall 136
3.7 Parallelization 138
3.7.1 Distributed Memory Parallelization 138
3.7.2 Shared‐Memory Parallelization 141
Nomenclature 145
References 147
4 Non‐Spherical Particles 152
4.1 Shape Representation 153
4.2 Kinematics and Dynamics of a Rigid Body 156
4.2.1 Euler Angles and Transformation Matrix 157
4.2.2 Equations of Motion 159
4.2.3 Quaternions for Rigid Body Dynamics 163
4.3 Superellipsoids 164
4.3.1 Contact Forces 166
4.3.2 Effective Radius and Curvatures 169
Contents ix
4.3.3 Torque Calculations 173
4.3.4 Contact Detection 174
4.4 Multi‐Sphere Method 178
Nomenclature 184
References 186
5 DEM Applications to Granular Flows 189
5.1 Packing of Particles 189
5.1.1 Confined Packing 189
5.1.2 Pile Formation 192
5.1.3 Rigid and Flexible Fibers 194
5.2 Flow in Hoppers 196
5.2.1 Flow Patterns 197
5.2.2 Segregation 199
5.2.3 Discharge Rate 201
5.3 Solid Mixing 203
5.3.1 Mechanisms of Mixing and Segregation 203
5.3.2 Mixing Index 205
5.3.3 Rotating Drums 209
5.3.4 Tumbling Blenders 220
5.3.5 Shaft Batch Mixers 223
5.3.6 Continuous Mixers 229
5.4 Screw Conveying 234
5.4.1 Simulation of Screw Conveyor 237
5.4.2 Results of the Simulations 238
5.4.3 Literature 239
5.5 Film Coating 241
5.5.1 Phenomenological Models 243
5.5.2 Monte‐Carlo Method 244
Nomenclature 247
References 249
Part II CFD‐DEM 257
6 CFD‐DEM Formulation and Coupling 259
6.1 Multiphase Coupling 260
6.1.1 Coupling Strategies 260
6.1.2 Types of Coupling 262
6.1.3 Interphase Interactions 265
6.2 Momentum Coupling 267
6.2.1 Single Phase Flow of Fluids 267
6.2.2 Fluid Resolution in CFD‐DEM 274
6.2.3 Unresolved Surface CFD‐DEM 275
6.2.4 Surface Force Decomposition 287
6.3 Energy Coupling 303
6.3.1 Governing Equations 304
x Contents
6.3.2 Rates of Heat Transfer for Particles 308
6.3.3 Rates of Heat Transfer for Fluid 316
6.3.4 Sequence of Calculations 317
6.4 Mass Coupling 319
6.4.1 Governing Equations 319
6.4.2 Rates of Mass Transfer for Particles 324
6.4.3 Rates of Change in Fluid 329
6.4.4 Sequence of Calculations 329
Nomenclature 329
References 335
7 CFD‐DEM Applications to Multiphase Flow 341
7.1 Fluidization 341
7.1.1 Macro‐Scale Phenomena 342
7.1.2 Meso‐Scale Phenomena 344
7.1.3 Micro‐Scale Phenomena 345
7.2 Spouting 347
7.3 Pneumatic Conveying 355
7.3.1 Dilute Phase and Dense Phase Conveying 356
7.3.2 Horizontal Conveying 357
7.3.3 Vertical Conveying 359
7.4 Non‐Isothermal Flows 359
7.5 Reactive Flows 362
7.6 Miscellaneous 364
Nomenclature 365
References 366
8 Interparticle Forces and External Fields 372
8.1 Governing Equations 373
8.1.1 Sequence of Calculations 375
8.2 Interparticle Forces 376
8.2.1 van der Waals Force 376
8.2.2 Liquid Bridge Force 379
8.2.3 Electrostatic Force 386
8.3 External Fields 390
8.3.1 Electric Field 390
8.3.2 Magnetic Field 393
8.3.3 Vibration Field 397
8.3.4 Acoustic Field 398
8.4 Applications 399
Nomenclature 404
References 407
Index 412
About the Authors
Hamid Reza Norouzi is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the
Center for Process Design and Simulation at the University
of Tehran (email: [email protected]). He has taught fluid
mechanics and applied mathematics for over 3 years. He
was a consultant to pharmaceutical companies. His research
interests include multiphase flows and computational fluid
dynamics. He holds a B.Eng degree in chemical engineering
from Arak University (Iran), as well as an M.Sc. and a Ph.D.
in chemical engineering from the University of Tehran. He
has more than 27 publications in major international journals
and conferences.
Reza Zarghami is currently Associate Professor of
Chemical Engineering at the University of Tehran (email:
[email protected]). He has taught advanced fluid
mechanics, computational fluid dynamics, mixing, and
process control for over 6 years. His research interests
include nonlinear dynamics, multiphase flows, and com-
putational fluid dynamics. He holds a B.Eng degree in
chemical engineering from Iran’s Shiraz University, plus
an M.Sc. and a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the
University of Tehran. He has written more than 100 publi-
cations in major international journals and conferences.
He was the chairman of the international conference of
Membrane Science and Technology (MST2015).