Cottage Industry of Biocontrol Agents and Their Applications: Practical Aspects to Deal Biologically with Pests and Stresses Facing Strategic Crops

469 Pages·2020·10.264 MB·English

by  Nabil El-Wakeil, Mahmoud Saleh, Mohamed Abu-hashim

Nabil El-Wakeil
Mahmoud Saleh
Mohamed Abu-hashim   Editors
Cottage Industry
of Biocontrol
Agents and Their
Applications
Practical Aspects to Deal Biologically
with Pests and Stresses Facing Strategic
Crops
Cottage Industry of Biocontrol Agents and Their
Applications
Nabil El-Wakeil Mahmoud Saleh
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Mohamed Abu-hashim
Editors
Cottage Industry
of Biocontrol Agents
and Their Applications
Practical Aspects to Deal Biologically
with Pests and Stresses Facing Strategic Crops
123
Editors
NabilEl-Wakeil MahmoudSaleh
National Research Centre National Research Centre
Dokki, Giza, Egypt Dokki, Giza, Egypt
MohamedAbu-hashim
Faculty of Agriculture
Zagazig University
Zagazig,Egypt
ISBN978-3-030-33160-3 ISBN978-3-030-33161-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33161-0
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Preface
This book entitled Cottage Industry of Biocontrol Agents and Their Applications
divided into five main parts comprising 15 chapters written by more than 20 pro-
fessors, researchers, and scientists from different Egyptian entities.
The late Dr. Doug Waterhouse authored or co-authored 12 books on the bio-
logical control that drawn relevant information available from many sources for
enabling students and research workers to locate easily, most or all of the infor-
mation on pests in different countries. The books are essential for planning future
biologicalcontrolprojects indifferent regionsoverthe world. Thesebooks will be
referred to for years to come, guiding new initiatives and recording part of the
history of safely and successfully controlling insects by biological control in the
developing countries.
Asanintroduciblechaptertothisbook,theeditorsbeginwiththefollowingtitle
“The Roadmap of the Book.” It presents generally different biological control
strategies for altered pests (insects, mites, and plant diseases as well as micronu-
trient deficiency) by using diverse biocontrol agent groups to apply the effective-
nessofmodernfieldapplicationsinagriculturewhichhavebeengivenasignificant
role for the enhancement of agricultural production. These applications comprise
parasitoids, predators; microorganisms and biocontrol products for plant diseases.
Inthelastchapter,thereisanotherproblemdiscussed;itisdealingwithdeficiencies
in micronutrients, which affect the plant production. Our idea in this book is pre-
senting a brief about low-cost biological control industry; therefore, all co-authors
have tried, each specialist has done his/her best in their branches to present a
summary of their ideas, information and research publications to obtain this prac-
tical book for our scientists, colleagues and students.
Cairo, Egypt Prof. Dr. Nabil El-Wakeil
Cairo, Egypt Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Saleh
Zagazig, Egypt Dr. Mohamed Abu-hashim
July 2019
v
Acknowledgements
ManycolleagueswithinNationalResearchCentreandotherresearchinstitutionsas
well as other colleagues in Egyptian Universities (Entomologist, Acarologists,
Bacterlogist, Virologist, Mycologist, Nematologist and Plant pathologist and
Botanists) have provided valuable information from their experience as well as
results of different international projects and publications in their book chapters.
Althoughitisnotpossibletoacknowledgeallofthemanyindividualsinvolved,the
editors want to thank to all contributors either scientists or the technical members.
The editors would like to express their special thanks to all those who con-
tributed in one way or another to make this high-quality book a real source of
informationonbiologicalcontrolindustryinEgyptsupportedbythelatestfindings
in the field summarized to support graduate students, researchers, scientists, and
decision/policy-makersinEgyptandeverywherewhoareinterestedovertheworld.
Muchappreciationandgreatthanksareduetoalltheauthorswhocontributedto
this book. Without the efforts and patience of all the contributors in writing,
reviewing, and revising the different versions of the chapters, it would not have
been possible to produce this unique book titled Cottage Industry of Biocontrol
AgentsandTheirApplication.Also,specialthanksareduetotheSpringerteamand
editors,wholargelysupportedtheauthorsandeditorsduringtheproductionofthis
book.Thebookeditorwouldbehappytoreceiveanycommentstoimprovefuture
editions. Comments, feedback, suggestions for improvement, or new chapters for
next editions are welcome and should be sent directly to the book editor.
Cairo, Egypt Prof. Dr. Nabil El-Wakeil
Cairo, Egypt Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Saleh
Zagazig, Egypt Dr. Mohamed Abu-hashim
July 2019
vii
Introduction: The Roadmap of the Book
Many insects that are of tiny or no economic significance in their home country
maybecomemainpestswhentheyhavebeenintroducedtoanothercountrywithout
theirownnaturalenemies.Areasoftheworldwheremuchoftoday’sagricultureis
basedonintroducedcropsaredistinguishedfortwofacts[1].Thefirstfactisthata
high part oftheirsignificant arthropod insectsisexotic;thesecond isthatclassical
biological control has obtained many important success cases. Worldwide, bio-
logical control either applied alone or as one of many strategies of integrated pest
management is attracting increasing interest to reduce dependence on insecticides.
Therefore, concentrating on biological control industry is very significantissue for
given economy and environment for both developed and developing countries.
First Part: Parasitoids, Predacious Insects and Mites
for Managing Agricultural Pests
Itconsistsoffivechaptersdealingmainlywithparasitoidsandpredatorsforinsects
and mites. To explain the different ways, especially in the early step of biological
control starting with egg parasitoids, which help to kill the egg (first development
stageofanyinsect),bythisstrategy,youmakethewayofinsectmanagementshorter.
First Chapter: Egg Parasitoids
Theyareusedsuccessfullyformanyyearsasinundativebiocontrolagentsagainsta
wide range of economically important crops, vegetables, fruit orchards, and forest
insect pests; they are currently the most widely produced and released natural
enemies in biological control over the world [2, 3]. Trichogramma species were
appliedinmorethan50countries,andcommercialreleasesoccurinapproximately
32millionhectareseveryyear[4].Eggparasitoidshavebeenusedtocontrolmany
of insect pests which infest crops such as cotton, sorghum, soybean, sugarcane,
tomato, and grape [5, 6].
ix
x Introduction:TheRoadmapoftheBook
Second Chapter: Larval Parasitoids
Theecto/endo-parasitoidswhichdevelopoutside/insidetheirlarvalhostsarecalled
larval parasitoids. The larval parasitoids lay their eggs into or outside the hosts,
which hatch and begin feeding on their larvae in order to complete their growth.
Whenfullyfedtheparasitoid,larvaspinsacocoonandpupateseitherexternallyor
internallyandthenemergesasanadulttofeed,mate,andcontinuethelifecycle[7].
Mostofadultparasitoidsfeedonflowernectar,pollen,andhoneydew.Theauthors
aimed in this chapter to discuss potential of larval parasitoids in sustainable agri-
culturethroughmonitoringtheabundanceofnaturalenemies,themassproduction,
and the field application [9] either alone or combining with egg parasitoids [8].
Third Chapter: Aphid Parasitoids
Aphids are one of insect groups whose economic importance increases with agri-
culture development [10]. Natural enemies include parasitoids and others, which
maintain aphid population at a low population size [11, 12]. In this chapter, the
authors are interested to present the following aspects:
1. Survey and seasonal abundance of certain aphids and estimation of the para-
sitism percentages of some aphid species during four seasons.
2. Effectsofsomeweatherfactors(temperature,rainfall,andrelativehumidity)on
the aphid parasitoid population and its aphid hosts.
3. Host suitability and host stage preference of certain aphid species for
Diaeretiella rapae.
4. Evaluating the role of the parasitoid, D. rapae in controlling the cabbage and
cauliflower aphids under field conditions.
5. MassproductionofD.rapaeandstudyofitsefficacyincontrollingthecabbage
and cauliflower aphid species in greenhouses and in the field.
Fourth Chapter: Predacious Insects
The authors in this chapter entitled “Predacious insects and their efficiency in
suppressing insect pests” mentioned that there are many predaceous insects in
nature. These insect predators help to avoid some insect pests from population
outbreaks.Thesepredatorspositivelyeat/prey theirprey.Oneofthevitalgoalsfor
authors is the developing methods which suppress insect species without harming
the environment or other organisms. Augmentative releases of insect predators are
releasedintoprofitablecropswithaphidinfestations[13–15].Theauthorsaimedin
thischaptertodiscusspotentialofusinginsectpredatorstosustaintheirpopulation
through mass production and the field application for suppressing various insect
pests in the numerous target crops, as well as against many aphid species in dif-
ferent crops.
Introduction:TheRoadmapoftheBook xi
Fifth Chapter: Predatory Mites
This chapter entitled “Mass Production of Predatory Mites and Their Efficacy for
Controlling Pests”. Mites are common found in different habitats as in soil, stored
product,ornamentals,andfieldcrops.MitesofthefamilyTetranychidaearestrictly
phytophagous and are represented in all regions of Egypt. Spider mites can
undoubtedly cause severe crop loss [16]. The Mesostigmata predators are
encountered in soil and litter, on aerial parts of plants, nests or galleries of insects,
mammals, and birds, where they feed on small insects, nematodes, Collembola, or
on phytophagous and mycophagous mites [17, 18]. Prostigmata predators are also
found in diverse habitats, including soils and overlaying litter layers as well as
aerial parts of plants. Predators of the genus Agistemus play an important role in
biological control of economic pests [19, 20].
The objective of this chapter is to give a highlight about the most dominant
predatory mites associated with fruit trees, vegetables, and crops. The authors
concentrated also on selected predatory species from various groups of mites for
augmentation release for rapid biological control. The mass production and their
potentialofbiologicalcontrolinEgyptarealsoincluded.Theroleofthesemitesin
attacking various pests by natural and factitious prey is reviewed.
Second Part: Microorganisms for Controlling Insect Pests
Thesecondpartcomprisedfourchapters,whichdealingwithusingmicroorganisms
such as bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and viruses to manage different insect pests.
Sixth Chapter: Bacillus thuringiensis
In this chapter entitled “Production and Application of Bacillus thuringiensis for
Pest Control in Egypt”, the authors reported that Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t)
accounts80–90%thetotalworldmicrobialinsecticidemarket.B.t.appearedtobea
simple, spore-forming infectious bacterium, easy to grow on laboratory media.
Steinhaus [21] encouraged the commercialization of B.t. leading to the production
of Thuricide in 1957.
The leading role in research and development of B.t. has been taken by the
National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt, to develop research in this area and to
combat the key lepidopteran pests of field, oilseed, and vegetable crops. This
chaptercoverstheexpandingknowledgeoftheproduction,themodeofaction,and
theapplicationofthispathogeninEgypt.EmphasishasbeengiventoLepidoptera,
the most destructive group of plant pests [22–25].
Seventh Chapter: Entomopathogenic Fungi
In this chapter, the authors tried to discuss isolation, mass production, and appli-
cation of entomopathogenic fungi for insect control. Entomopathogenic fungi play
xii Introduction:TheRoadmapoftheBook
anexclusivelyimportantroleinthehistoryofmicrobialcontrolofinsects[26–28].
Entomopathogenic fungi were the first to be recognized as microbial diseases in
insects [29]. The authors aimed to discuss the following objectives:
1. Isolation and abundance of the entomopathogenic fungi.
2. Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi.
3. Field applications of entomopathogenic fungi against some insect pests.
Eighth Chapter: Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Commercializationofbiopesticidesbasedonentomopathogenicnematodes(EPNs)
is the very important objective of this chapter as mentioned by authors. EPNs are
consideredasanexcellentinsectbiocontrolagentsastheycankilltheirinsecthost
within 48 hours; have a wide host range; have the ability to move searching for
hosts; can be in vivo or in vitro mass produced; and present no hazard vertebrates
and most non-target invertebrates [30–34]. This chapter focuses on isolation, mass
production,formulation,aswellasfieldapplicationofEPNsforthemanagementof
insect pests in different crops, vegetables and fruit orchards.
Ninth Chapter: Insect Viruses
Inthischapter,theauthorsdiscussed using insect virusesasbiocontrol agent;they
concentratedonthechallengesandopportunities.Theauthoremphasizedthatinsect
viruses as biological control agent represent an important component in the inte-
gratedpestmanagement(IPM)programs,mainlybecauseitisspecificandsafefor
the environment and compatible with the other integrated pest management com-
ponents. Baculoviruses are active in controlling early larval stage of lepidopteran
insects.Theseviruseswereisolatedfrominsectfromdifferentinsectorderssuchas
Lepidoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, and Coleoptera [35–37].
Thischapterwillcoverthehistoryofinsectviruses,followedbyadiscussionon
the large-scale production and commercialization of insect viruses with some
examples. Thereafter, the emergence of resistance development and strain com-
position as challenges for insect viruses will be discussed with highlights on the
recent reports inthisfield. Finally, thefutureandperspectivesfortheuseofinsect
viruses as biocontrol agent will be summarized.
Third Part: Biocontrol Products for Suppressing
Plant Diseases
The third part of this book contains four chapters and dealt with using biological
control products for managing some plant diseases like phyto-pathogenic bacteria,
fungal plant diseases, plant parasitic nematodes, and plant viral diseases.