Cosmology: the origin and evolution of cosmic structure

515 Pages·2002·3.382 MB·English

by  Prof Peter Coles, Francesco Lucchin, F. Lucchin, Peter Coles

Cosmology
The Origin and Evolution
of Cosmic Structure
Second Edition
Peter Coles
School of Physics & Astronomy,
University of Nottingham, UK
Francesco Lucchin
Dipartimento di Astronomia,
Università di Padova, Italy

Cosmology
The Origin and Evolution
of Cosmic Structure

Cosmology
The Origin and Evolution
of Cosmic Structure
Second Edition
Peter Coles
School of Physics & Astronomy,
University of Nottingham, UK
Francesco Lucchin
Dipartimento di Astronomia,
Università di Padova, Italy
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Contents
PrefacetoFirstEdition xi
PrefacetoSecondEdition xix
PART 1 Cosmological Models 1
1 First Principles 3
1.1 TheCosmologicalPrinciple 3
1.2 FundamentalsofGeneralRelativity 6
1.3 TheRobertson–WalkerMetric 9
1.4 TheHubbleLaw 13
1.5 Redshift 15
1.6 TheDecelerationParameter 17
1.7 CosmologicalDistances 18
1.8 Them–zandN–zRelations 20
1.9 Olbers’Paradox 22
1.10 TheFriedmannEquations 23
1.11 ANewtonianApproach 24
1.12 TheCosmologicalConstant 26
1.13 FriedmannModels 29
2 The Friedmann Models 33
2.1 PerfectFluidModels 33
2.2 FlatModels 36
2.3 CurvedModels:GeneralProperties 38
2.3.1 Openmodels 39
2.3.2 Closedmodels 40
2.4 DustModels 40
2.4.1 Openmodels 41
2.4.2 Closedmodels 41
2.4.3 Generalproperties 42
2.5 RadiativeModels 43
2.5.1 Openmodels 43
2.5.2 Closedmodels 44
2.5.3 Generalproperties 44
2.6 EvolutionoftheDensityParameter 44
2.7 CosmologicalHorizons 45
2.8 ModelswithaCosmologicalConstant 49
vi Contents
3 Alternative Cosmologies 51
3.1 AnisotropicandInhomogeneousCosmologies 52
3.1.1 TheBianchimodels 52
3.1.2 Inhomogeneousmodels 55
3.2 TheSteady-StateModel 57
3.3 TheDiracTheory 59
3.4 Brans–DickeTheory 61
3.5 VariableConstants 63
3.6 Hoyle–Narlikar(Conformal)Gravity 64
4 Observational Properties of the Universe 67
4.1 Introduction 67
4.1.1 Units 67
4.1.2 Galaxies 69
4.1.3 Activegalaxiesandquasars 70
4.1.4 Galaxyclustering 72
4.2 TheHubbleConstant 75
4.3 TheDistanceLadder 79
4.4 TheAgeoftheUniverse 83
4.4.1 Theory 83
4.4.2 Stellarandgalacticages 84
4.4.3 Nucleocosmochronology 84
4.5 TheDensityoftheUniverse 86
4.5.1 Contributionstothedensityparameter 86
4.5.2 Galaxies 88
4.5.3 Clustersofgalaxies 89
4.6 DeviationsfromtheHubbleExpansion 92
4.7 ClassicalCosmology 94
4.7.1 Standardcandles 95
4.7.2 Angularsizes 97
4.7.3 Number-counts 99
4.7.4 Summary 100
4.8 TheCosmicMicrowaveBackground 100
PART 2 The Hot Big Bang Model 107
5 Thermal History of the Hot Big Bang Model 109
5.1 TheStandardHotBigBang 109
5.2 RecombinationandDecoupling 111
5.3 Matter–RadiationEquivalence 112
5.4 ThermalHistoryoftheUniverse 113
5.5 RadiationEntropyperBaryon 115
5.6 TimescalesintheStandardModel 116
6 The Very Early Universe 119
6.1 TheBigBangSingularity 119
6.2 ThePlanckTime 122
6.3 ThePlanckEra 123
6.4 QuantumCosmology 126
6.5 StringCosmology 128
7 Phase Transitions and Inflation 131
7.1 TheHotBigBang 131
7.2 FundamentalInteractions 133
7.3 PhysicsofPhaseTransitions 136
7.4 CosmologicalPhaseTransitions 138
Contents vii
7.5 ProblemsoftheStandardModel 141
7.6 TheMonopoleProblem 143
7.7 TheCosmologicalConstantProblem 145
7.8 TheCosmologicalHorizonProblem 147
7.8.1 Theproblem 147
7.8.2 Theinflationarysolution 149
7.9 TheCosmologicalFlatnessProblem 152
7.9.1 Theproblem 152
7.9.2 Theinflationarysolution 154
7.10 TheInflationaryUniverse 156
7.11 TypesofInflation 160
7.11.1 Oldinflation 160
7.11.2 Newinflation 161
7.11.3 Chaoticinflation 161
7.11.4 Stochasticinflation 162
7.11.5 Openinflation 162
7.11.6 Othermodels 163
7.12 SuccessesandProblemsofInflation 163
7.13 TheAnthropicCosmologicalPrinciple 164
8 The Lepton Era 167
8.1 TheQuark–HadronTransition 167
8.2 ChemicalPotentials 168
8.3 TheLeptonEra 171
8.4 NeutrinoDecoupling 172
8.5 TheCosmicNeutrinoBackground 173
8.6 CosmologicalNucleosynthesis 176
8.6.1 Generalconsiderations 176
8.6.2 Thestandardnucleosynthesismodel 177
8.6.3 Theneutron–protonratio 178
8.6.4 NucleosynthesisofHelium 179
8.6.5 Otherelements 181
8.6.6 Observations:Helium4 182
8.6.7 Observations:Deuterium 183
8.6.8 Helium3 184
8.6.9 Lithium7 185
8.6.10 Observationsversustheory 185
8.7 Non-standardNucleosynthesis 186
9 The Plasma Era 191
9.1 TheRadiativeEra 191
9.2 ThePlasmaEpoch 192
9.3 HydrogenRecombination 194
9.4 TheMatterEra 195
9.5 EvolutionoftheCMBSpectrum 197
PART 3 Theory of Structure Formation 203
10 Introduction to Jeans Theory 205
10.1 GravitationalInstability 205
10.2 JeansTheoryforCollisionalFluids 206
10.3 JeansInstabilityinCollisionlessFluids 210
10.4 HistoryofJeansTheoryinCosmology 212
10.5 TheEffectofExpansion:anApproximateAnalysis 213
10.6 NewtonianTheoryinaDustUniverse 215
10.7 SolutionsfortheFlatDustCase 218
10.8 TheGrowthFactor 219