Cosmological Pattern of Microphysics in the Inflationary Universe

297 Pages·2004·15.075 MB·English

by  Maxim Yu. Khlopov, Sergei G. Rubin (auth.)

Cosmological Pattern of Microphysics in the Inflationary Universe
Fundamental Theories of Physics
An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics:
Their Clarification, Development and Application
Editor:
ALWYN VAN DER MERWE, University of Denver, U.S.A.
Editorial Advisory Board:
GIANCARLO GHIRARDI, University of Trieste, Italy
LAWRENCE P. HORWITZ, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON, University of Cambridge, U.K.
CLIVE KILMISTER, University of London, U.K.
PEKKA J. LAHTI, University of Turku, Finland
ASHER PERES, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
EDUARD PRUGOVECKI, University of Toronto, Canada
FRANCO SELLERI, Università di Bara, Italy
TONY SUDBURY, University of York, U.K.
HANS-JÜRGEN TREDER, Zentralinstitut für Astrophysik der Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Germany
Volume144
Cosmological Pattern of
Microphysics in the
Inflationary Universe
by
Maxim Yu. Khlopov
Center for Cosmoparticle Physics “Cosmion” of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics,
Moscow, Russia
Moscow Engineering Physics Institute,
Moscow, Russia
Rome University “La Sapienza”,
Rome, Italy
and
Sergei G. Rubin
Moscow Engineering Physics Institute,
Moscow, Russia
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-6695-4 ISBN 978-1-4020-2650-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-2650-8
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
©2004Springe r Science+ Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Contents
Acknowledgement xiii
Preface xv
1. PRINCIPLES OF COSMOPARTICLE
PHYSICS 1
1 Particle physics in the Big Bang Universe 1
1.1 Particles – gauge symmetry
of the Standard Model 2
1.2 Particles – Beyond the Standard Model 3
1.3 New particles in the Universe 5
2 Physics of modern cosmology 8
2.1 New physics and cosmological evolution 9
2.2 Cosmophenomenology of new physics 9
2.3 Primordial structures in the Universe 12
2. BASIS OF INFLATION 15
1 Equations for uniform media 15
2 Inflation 19
3 Scale factor 23
3.1 Reheating 24
3.2 Radiation – dominated stage 26
3.3 Matter-dominated stage 27
4 Does expansion during the de Sitter stage really exist? 30
5 Why do we need inflation? 31
5.1 Flatness problem 31
5.2 Monopole problem 32
5.3 Main properties of the Universe with inflation
at the beginning 35
3. QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS
DURING INFLATION 37
v
vi COSMOLOGICAL PATTERN OF MICROPHYSICS
1 Birth of quantum fluctuations 37
2 Classical evolution of quantum fluctuations 44
4. STRONG PRIMORDIAL
INHOMOGENEITIES
AND GALAXY FORMATION 49
1 Primordial archiole structure 50
1.1 Formation of archioles at high temperature 50
1.2 Cosmological impact of archioles 53
1.3 Nonthermal effects of symmetry breaking 56
2 Massive primordial black holes 58
2.1 Closed wall formation 59
2.2 Closed wall evolution 62
2.3 Wall deceleration in plasma 66
2.4 Distribution of black holes 69
3 Discussion 83
5. BARYON ASYMMETRICAL UNIVERSE
WITH ANTIMATTER REGIONS 87
1 Phase distribution for NG field at the inflation period 89
2 The problem with large-scale fluctuations 95
3 Spontaneous baryogenesis mechanism 97
4 Radiation of baryon charge during wall shrinking 100
5 Discussion 104
6. ANTIMATTER IN THE MODERN
UNIVERSE 107
1 Introduction 107
2 Diffused antiworld 109
3 Antimatter globular clusters in our Galaxy 115
4 Gamma background from antimatter annihilation 118
4.1 The model of galactic antimatter annihilation 118
4.2 Diffuse gamma flux 123
4.3 Gamma ray constraint on antimatter 127
5 Antihelium flux signature for antimatter 129
5.1 Equations for differential fluxes 130
5.2 The annihilation cross-sections 132
5.3 Numerical simulations 133
6 Anti-Asteroids annihilations on Planets and the Sun 136
6.1 Gamma flashes by anti-meteorite annihilations
on the Earth and the Moon 137
Contents vii
6.2 Light anti-meteorite evaporation crossing
the Galaxy 139
6.3 Anti-meteorite annihilation and deceleration
in gas 140
6.4 Annihilation of anti-asteroids on the Sun 142
7 Conclusions 142
7. ASTRONOMY OF ULTRA HIGH ENERGY
COSMIC RAYS 145
1 Cosmoarcheology of cosmic rays 145
2 Primordial bound systems 148
2.1 Superheavy particles in the inflationary Universe 149
2.2 Pairing of nonthermal particles 152
2.3 Formation of bound systems 153
2.4 Annihilation of bound systems with
non-zero orbital momentum 155
2.5 Particle binding in hot plasma 156
3 Primordial bound systems as the source of UHECR 158
3.1 Evolution of bound systems in the Galaxy 158
3.2 Space distribution of UHECR events 159
3.3 Annihilation into ordinary particles 161
3.4 Discussion 163
4 Possible signature of low-scale gravity in UHECR 165
5 Conclusions 168
8. HIGH DENSITY REGIONS FROM
FIRST-ORDER PHASE TRANSITIONS 171
1 Temperature transitions vs. quantum transitions 175
2 Wall motion through thermal background 177
3 Bubble collisions – Qualitative analysis 180
4 Bubble collisions – Numerical results 184
5 Mass distribution of BHs in the early Universe 190
6 First-order phase transitions in the early Universe 195
7 Summary 197
9. FINE-TUNING OF MICROPHYSICAL
PARAMETERS IN THE UNIVERSE 199
1 Basic postulates 202
2 Selection of universes 207
3 Weinberg–Salam model 213
3.1 Higgs field 213
viii COSMOLOGICAL PATTERN OF MICROPHYSICS
3.2 Modernization of the Standard Model 214
4 Discussion 217
10. INFLATION: ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 219
1 First-order phase transition as a terminator of inflation 219
2 Massive fields and superslow motion during inflation 222
3 Suppression of first-order phase transitions
by virtual particles in the early Universe 229
4 Inflation from slow evaporation of Bose condensate 232
4.1 Introduction 232
4.2 The condensate of Higgs bosons 234
4.3 Decaying (cid:2)-term 235
4.4 Back reaction of decay products 237
4.5 Regime of slow evaporation 239
4.6 Discussion 240
5 Non-canonical kinetic term 242
5.1 Production of effective potentials 244
5.2 Probabilistic approach to the form of action 252
5.3 Conclusion 255
6 Scalar–tensor models 256
Epilogue 258
Index 259
References 261
lX
We use the following notations throughout the book (if not directly stated
otherwise):
n=c=l.
The signature of metric tensor in the Minkowski space is chosen in the form
(1, L L 1).
The connection between New1on constant GN and Planck mass M1• is
(. '1_.,
'N = iv.p-.
The interval in the synchronous reference frame
( l ..1· 2 -- d t 2 - .Y u{J d X· " ( l XJ ! .
Whatnaturedeliverstousisneverstale. Be-
causewhatnaturecreateshaseternityinit.
IsaacBashevisSinger