Cosmological Argument - Spectrum of Opinions

300 Pages·30.121 MB·English

by  Donald R. Burrill (Editor)

THE
COSMOLOGICAL
ARGUMENTS
A SpecotfOr pumi nion
EDITEBDY D ONALRD. B URRILL
ANCHORB OOKS
DOUBLEDA&Y C OMPANY,I NC,
GARDECNI TYN,E WY ORK
1967
DoNALD R.B urumi.AsI.s s!}ci,ate PiQfessoofPr h iloso­
pnya tC alifornia StaCotllee gaet LAosn gealnesd
holadP sh .frDo.m t hUen iveorfSs oiuthteyrncall �
fomHiea.i.sth e airt,b oro fs everal attijnac claesd emic
journi:iJ.al sP hlloSO.P,nofy L awa ndP liilosopp.oyf
Religion.
Books
TheA nchor editioni sth e first
publiocatifoT nhe Cosmological 'Arguments
Anchoi' Books edition:: 1967
Li'braryo fC ongreCasstal ogCaro Number6 7-21703
Copyr©i 1gh'9t6 by;7 Do naldR. Bum11
.Rights
All Rese��
Printed ithne V nited o�fAe mse rica
F.u:sEditt k1n
CONTENTS
IntrodbuyDc otniaoRln.d, Bui:rill 1
_pARTL THE COSMOLOGICAARLG UMENT
A The ClasViseiwcal 25
L Pla:,Mt ootioann dC hanagsae R ational
DemonstraotifGo ond 25.
;2 .Arist.o tleT:oN ee cessE.aursyt -0efnaFce irst
Mov.er
35
3.StT.h oasm Aqt•iGmoadDs e:m onstrated
ThrouHigsh Effects Sl
P.T .G eacClio'msm enotnaA rqyu inas5 7
B.The ClassicalC ritique 83
1.DavHiudm eC'rsi toiftq huCeeos mological
�ent 83
2.ImmanKuaenltT :h el mpOSSI"boilitfya
CosmoloPgircoafolof Gr od 'Esxi sten9c1e
C.TheC ontem_ppRre;ajroyi nder 101
I.PauEld warThdesCo :s moloArgumgiecanlt 101
2.AlvPml antNiecesnsgaary:B e ing 125
3.TerePnecnee lhDuimv::iN neec essity 143
n.nm
P.",RT TELEOLOGICAALR GUMENT
A The ClassiVciael, v 165
1.WilliPaaml eThye! Attri buteosfD eity
fromt hApepea rancoesfN ature 165
2.DaviHdu meC:l eanAtrhgesu'm freo�m
Design 171
3.IohSnt u�afriMtla lr:ok fDess i gni nN atur1e77
B.TheC lassCiriticqalu e 185
1.Da'viHdu meP:bi loO'bsj ecttoit ohnes
Argumefrnotsm D esign 185"
Con.tents
vi
2.ImmanuKantel: The ImpoSSioility oft he
Pbysiro-ThPeorlooogifca l 199
C.TheC ontemporaRreyj oinder 209
a
1.A. TayloNra:ture andT eleology 209
2.C.J .D ucasseT:h Aer gumenftr o�mgn 233
3.C. BDr.o a_Tde:l eoMleocgyb;a oainsdn:t,
Design 241
PART-1Il. A_C: °'"�CLUDINGCO NTEMPOBARY POSTSCRIPT
r.
A.I.C .Sm.art : ThExistenece ofG od 25S
:
B.RichTarda ylMoerta:p hysiacsn Gdo d
Z79
C..PaTulilli ch: The QouestifGo ond 297
�lecteBdi blio&1'llphy 301
1'.HE COSMOLOGICAARLG UMENTS
INTRODUCTION
Thea uthoorfts he es siany sath nitsh oalrcoeog ny­
cernewidt ahc ommqoune stiIsot nh:e:r raet ieovnia­l
denfcoetrh e ex isotfGode ?n cSeo meth ecis fe lections
supptohtreht e tshitasht e irsse u cehv ideonthceer,s
deniyt .;w hbeuthtt� h eaffirmy ord enthyip sr emise,
thes'e' thepirsotioccfso :n'ti neuveo pktheoil osophical
interest for many.
Three awdiedllri sctohvthaeetra rgnutmisen this
volupmreo vsiudffiecd iientv erogfoe pnicntyio fo ons ­
terro uspibnigl o�doipalhoisg<;oiua ite·lhs , a r·nd elcyes­
·safroytr h Ien trodttiore etviaiolepnlwh aosfest he
controvThereerfsoyrI.e shacllo ncenotrnta wtoe
.,
aspoecftt hssetruggl e.F m;ti,wt i blewl o rthf owrhile
ust oc onsitdheperr essetnattth ee s"oerf a tairo­nal
gumenatnssd,ec "o nidmt,a yb eu setfosu elft o rth
whaptr esesneteltmyop et hgeen eraarleo afcs r iti­
cism.
Buthte a rgumaewnatist aptphrreae iasdaelr by
alofnoeiri,t hs e w hom usfitn adleltye rfmohirin me­
sewlhfe ththeery c onfirm re1igict:>ounsv iociiron
strengtahgneons ticism.
I
It is cutsodt iovmiadrey p"rotohfsie"ni tasoti c
mimain ad rxf.sterairogruim Theena t sp.r airogrui­
menbtesgi ,nv iitnhtri nsic auptroenmoanimdso esu s
2 Intro.dl!ctio.11
endi,ti sS UJ?powsiettdhh,J e o- gicwaalrltya cnotn�­
clusi"oTnh:e reGfoodre e;,t,l sTt$h.em" o snto te­
worta,p hriyo rfiu .]rsor,fca o msteho,en tolowrggicau.l­
mentB.u1t,bt e e ssthaaytsf ollaorowec cupwiietdn
thea p ostefroinpoasrn.,is d p ecifically witthh OtrSa\!­
diti.ocnhaallrya catsce orsmizeodl tJgical.
'J,'he-premoifsa pe oss tearrigourmaier ndete -risv ed,
i:iofrto ms elf-eovr:ini tdreinnatss iscu mpbtuito ns
,.
:rathefrro mh mnane X,11eria.nedthn,e cc eo;n clusions
�ed arjeu dgteotd o nmvr ationfrallyo mt liea,xt­
�µce.. Thesae� e� begiv..pi tohb serveafb­le
fec�t4s - attetI:!loesp �tb lµiiesc ha utsheai tn itiates
th� To
e��ts.th �igro smolfoogicrm:( awlh iicsh
tmlyp aradifgmoaarti p co stearri.ogruimt eharne­t s),
gumednrtasw a f oil)nec ial)scp o�ft utnhi.veae nrds;e
·th� wiilir eferteqan s ceoetf ge neral lparwosc,ee.d
to deJ11onsqatthe� ei sreqGc-eo do.f
Iti sS tT,p qmAaqusi o.(;i1.2s2 5�briil7di4n)g,i n
fashli:in
5l!S:C� tJJ�
etL pbiip�tophheiocloalof gy
is
Im predecewshsoo rcsr,ed iV1tietfdho rmuloatfion
thfeo ubra s.9i ocsm0Jfoogrmi2sc.a H.le design-ates
contmgtnd,cye,s ign.
thesef ormmso tiocnaus,e , and
um-'
Theyb � witche rt'a1Jimntf ea catbso"thu et
vernsaem,el iy·ts,p ermanecnhcaen,g e. anrdeality,
ordaern,dd e rfriovme.t heelseem eenvtisq aep nocse­
terifooGrrodi ' exiss tenLeee..1t. s1 l ooa,kte acihn:
deW}.
(1Th)e a rgumtlieabnte tgi wnistt hhi en dubitability
ofm otioni ss uroenloeyf t hoel d"epsrto ionfr sa"­
tiotnfu:alo loIgtfiy r;sa ptp eina tthste e nbtoho okf
l,Foarne xtensivaen alysoifts ho en tql�oggoimc;tseleeo t,
AlvinP lantinedg.a,,
The OntologicAarlgrd nenf, from $L
Augustineto Con(e,npPohriaryl o:;op{he_rN$Y eowr1 k,9- 65),
:t·Aqainaas,c-ltuay_gi vesu stl vbeu,met :f ourth "w.di.y1s o t1
i
dearlcyo smolo.gk.al
lJrnoiiuct,ion 3
Pla'tsLa,wo s. Thaatc couhnotw,� vise erxtr,e mely
sjmpfistic.Th e entiarreg umtea.nmotsn t 'hm-oeti on
ofa nltrneaodb jeAcntm sa.i moabtje,iec .5st e lf-movfug,
whilie, aanoibmjmecaottv e,oes wyw ltemno vebdy
all
soema nimsaotuerT cheSe.o phPistls�,ti on'tse llectual
ih�
adverbsaaadris ess,u -melivind_g -thinsgsp rin·frgo m
we
inanimaante,td h a1Jlllffte ti sthe .in cip�ioejn]tn d
of
everytehlin3sg Pe l.a rteoj e;SUccthas c oncwtio�
arguiinng.s ttehaiatnd a nitmhatiean rgsne e v(elro gi­
calolrcy lutr nologi.cparillotyro) anoibjmeacbttsee,;.
cautsh-eie nanimiasat lew adyesp en11dpeo.ann.sp t o n­
taneous ori nmittiesax:na]Iotyue frdoc rem oivtesm ent.
It cannmoovtie t se4 Alceto.rdintglbsyeoo,u rofcm eo ­
ticoannb eo fil·yht awth ibcahths e p owoefrm otion
withiitn.s elf .cTohnicse asiv.P "ed)m ai't1noodt" 'suol"
·
-ihsien guJ.eaIr: ethmaetep -µts ptrsi 1ooanr d causes
.ii,
mo�·eimnae lniltn anei ombajeTchtsa.tt heex tent
t
ofP lataor'gsrrp1 eiiatn,id ta locnc;,en stita.tbeists h eo­
Jqgiccaasle -fora sth" ess oouulraf"c m e-otiTohne.
reIrndoae orft hdei scuisss isodpenen ,nto nstraatt:i ng,
1�tto fris ·o wns atisfacthtiao't�' s1 ioSosulul ' (God
Godbse.c)a thuesm ea gni.otnf�d tieo ni nthe uni ­
01
vernsecees sitaa$ toesuo lfc osm_pircopo rtioSni.cs.Iie.
Platm::og'usm ealnstol enidt.Sset lotf e leocloongi­cal
siderwalitiiwcbibnbl ,el i nvestini dgautceeo dlll'$6 ,
wen eenaop turs i::Jie:furtht ec here.
Ariswtho.tuoln ed,o ubptreoddlnty�h m eo sitn ­
terethsetionlgo gi� inar Ggruempeehknil tso sophy,
accetpliPtels a t,doincitutcmh maotti oisn e vidfeonrc e
·G.oo,.
but ben odatQcc ese pttha ed ditidoonctrailn e
aSe �P laPtJuieoilr'uss .
4A na:wiment thaWta lKlaeurfm anntl gl;ttl.:iDya ioistai os
l!l!;Sed onl hbi4dee n,p remise,ih arestt i mat uaraln ,mdo ti.oini.
(bnmeJ glisr-,i.transnya tural).
tto:naroial Cri<J.tue.i '1fR,e_ liJflo.n
t/.
arul Philosophy (NeYwo i;Jtl,! tCb4Sp8te)r,
4 Introduction.
thGaotd · motfHoe-cn:o.n ctheadGtesod ithse s orcue
fs
-ofm otiobnu,Gt o dm usrte mauinnm ovletc d�.ot
b-eotherwiIso�i,:- fG odm ov�1h,e u bhae:: omes
chanbginegi ng-::Jiceonnceting entc-oanntidn giesn cy
logicalliyn compwaitithbi lmem utalb:i:Jilio tyt,h er
wcmafm su,t aGboldme i gphosts ibnloyet x i&?sdt,.
ino rd,teobr et hseo urcoef al lc llanmguesa,tl ways
exist;·.an dt hwabtic a1il waeyxsi:ist sas,tJ eatsotta ht
degree,·IIIIIDidah Je. Theirefore,.G odi s-U;n:m.ovedj
Mover.'•
Tiien ervoef'this argume.nb tegiwnistht\ vsoi me pl
f,ild:nal �pltrlences. :F.irsct,h anth�enroeit shi is-ng
moreev idSeooennt.�. t hinthgasct h anagtneee vtheer
causeo.ft heoirw nc han$lee-athiasst it str ue all of
hn:maenx peiAIIi ecnhcaen.in.g teh weo rlds,ot o
speiaskd ,e termbiynp ereedde m..gc han6 gEevse- ry.
thithpag:ist c h�edi sm ovte�dth acth anbgyae n ­
other�i sm ovaendsd o i sc hanbgyte hdae c tioof n
and bya ctioofn a.no B by Buetv enytna]l
C, C B, A.
onmea s-atc cofunothtre p ri-smoemocfce h anthgate,
isorigina�l motion. hoThwiesTuv, em re,t aphy y:sicall
pwz1ifnotrh e minitialo vlerell,tS musit,.f i
g;. saAy ,
.is·trti lyp rimbe;e distingµi. shed .from athceBt ,sC ,
anDq; i catn nbotetb e c onseqoufae nnpycr eia otc,r
bumtu sbteth e a,catigveoenfa t ll o thearc wtsli .el l
remainiitsnelnngfc ha:eged.1 sl Iotgi cnaellyc areryss
fuaAt exisftoj;rfth e.rew �e i,nintialo movetrhn ,e
therew oubledn o moticohna natg a�ll,,s , iena llc.
01:
prese:acntito inss ubsetqout ehne.t aocfpt riioo ns-
r
agethnatsta rtheemse lvesn evseerl f-1:bThau·ns ging.
BookV1IL
5'M! et.apfrysu:s,
:Evena topamrtiiccl es; ftohmtraa tye- 'tample,
6 seem:l
changinbegca ustheeµm yc tio,ansself .-oontoainoejecfsd. .
matatern edo eci:gya,n bnerselo ft-cltan gi$ocget hei•r ' •
·a�pemm.iceds ep mduentp oadn e tercrobiaooiogeg.