Table Of ContentCOSMIC RAYS AND EARTH
Cover figure adapted from Fig. 21 by Simpson and Fig. 1 of Smart et al. in this volume.
The upper part illustrates trajectories of charged cosmic ray particles at different energies
(rigidities) traced out in the vertical direction from the same location on Earth. The lower
part shows Bartels solar rotation averages of the Climax Coloroda IGY neutron monitor
rate in correlation with the five-month running average of the sunspot number.
Space Sciences Series of ISSI
Volume 10
The International Space Science Institute is organized as a foundation under Swiss law.
It is funded through recurrent contributions from the European Space Agency, the Swiss
Confederation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the University of Bern. For
more information, see the homepage at http://www.issi.unibe.ch/.
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
COSMIC RAYS AND EARTH
Proceedings of an ISS/ Workshop,
21-26 March 1999, Bern, Switzerland
Edited by
J. W. BIEBER
Bartol Research Institute,
University ofD elaware,
Newark DE 19716, USA
E. EROSHENKO
Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere,
and Radiowave Propagation ( IZMIRAN),
142092, Troitsk, Moscow regime, Russia
P.EVENSON
Solar-Terrestrial Research,
National Science Foundation,
Arlington VA 22230, USA
and
Bartol Research Institute,
University ofD elaware,
Newark DE 197I6, USA
E. 0. FLUCKIGER
Physikalisches Institut der Universitiit Bern,
CH-30/2 Bern, Switzerland
R. KALLENBACH
International Space Science Institute,
CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 93, Nos. 1-2, 2000
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS
Space Sciences Series of ISSI
MEDIA,B.V.
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-5615-3 ISBN 978-94-017-1187-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1 007/978-94-017-1187-6
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
©
2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permis sion from the copyright owner
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword xi
J. W. BIEBER, E. EROSHENKO, P. EVENSON, E. 0. FLUCKIGER and R.
KALLENBACH I Cosmic Rays and Earth - a Summary
J. A. SIMPSON I The Cosmic Ray Nucleonic Component: The Invention and
Scientific Uses of the Neutron Monitor-Keynote Lecture 11
COSMIC RAY OBSERVATIONS NEAR EARTH
J. M. RYAN, J. A. LOCKWOOD and H. DEBRUNNER I Solar Energetic
Particles 35
H. V. CANE I Coronal Mass Ejections and Forbush Decreases 55
A. BELOV I Large Scale Modulation: View From the Earth 79
J. BEER I Neutron Monitor Records in Broader Historical Context 107
W. DROGE I Particle Scattering by Magnetic Fields 121
K. KUDELA, M. STORINI, M. Y. HOFER and A. BELOV I Cosmic Rays in
Relation to Space Weather 153
H. SVENSMARK I Cosmic Rays and Earth's Climate 175
M. A. SHEA and D. F. SMART I Cosmic Ray Implications for Human Health 187
M. L. DULDIG I Muon Observations 207
THE GLOBAL NEUTRON MONITOR NETWORK
M. A. SHEA and D. F. SMART I Fifty Years of Cosmic Radiation Data 229
F. B. MCDONALD I Integration of Neutron Monitor Data With Spacecraft
Observations: A Historical Perspective 263
H. MORAAL, A. BELOV and J. M. CLEM I Design and Co-ordination of
Multi-Station International Neutron Monitor Networks 285
D. F. SMART, M. A. SHEA and E. 0. FLUCKIGER I Magnetospheric Models
and Trajectory Computations 305
J. M. CLEM and L. I. DORMAN I Neutron Monitor Response Functions 335
P. H. STOKER, L. I. DORMAN and J. M. CLEM I Neutron Monitor Design
Improvements 361
R. PYLE I Public Access to Neutron Monitor Datasets 381
EPILOGUE
List of Acronyms 403
Author Index 405
List of Participants 406
Vlll
ISSI Workshop, "Cosmic Rays and Earth", 21-26 March 1999,
Bern, Switzerland-Group Photograph by D. Taylor
1. R. Kallenbach 14. J. Humble 27. L. Dorman
2. H. Moraal 15. F. McDonald 28. H. Debrunner
3. G. Indermtihle 16. P. Evenson 29. M. Duldig
4. E. Vashenyuk 17. H. Svensmark 30. M. Hofer
5. D. Smart 18. M. Storini 31. E. Eroshenko
6. U. Pfander 19. G. Wibberenz 32. J. Ryan
7. K. Kudela 20. H. Cane 33. V. Yanke
8. J. Geiss 21. J. Bieber 34. Y. Muraki
9. R. Pyle 22. V. Dvomikov 35. J. Clem
10 . P. Stoker 23. B. Heber 36. M. Shea
II. A. Belov 24. P. Lantos 37. P. Tanskanen
12. J. Beer 25. R. Btitikofer
13. E. Fltickiger 26. T. Watanabe
Not in this picture: S. Gerasimova, J. Simpson
IX
xi
Foreword
The year 1998 marked the 50th anniversary of the invention of the neutron monitor,
a key research tool in the field of space physics and solar-terrestrial relations. In
honor of this occasion a workshop entitled 'Cosmic Rays and Earth' was organized
to review the detection of cosmic rays at the surface and in the lower atmosphere of
Earth, including the effect that this radiation has on the terrestrial environment. A
special focus was the role of neutron monitors in the investigation of this radiation,
on the science enabled by the unique dataset of the worldwide network of neutron
monitors, and on continuing opportunities to use these data to solve outstanding
problems.
This book is the principal product of that workshop, integrating the contribu
tions of all participants. Following a general summary of the workshop prepared by
the editors, the volume leads off with a keynote article by Professor John Simpson
describing his invention of the neutron monitor in 1948 and the early scientific
discoveries made with this instrument.
The remainder of the book is organized into two broad sections. The first section
reviews important properties of solar and galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere,
the physical processes that govern them, and their possible influence on human
activity and the terrestrial environment. The second section details methods of
collecting and interpreting ground-based cosmic ray data, with an emphasis on
recent innovations that enable these instruments to continue contributing to leading
edge scientific research for the foreseeable future. Writers for both sections were
charged with providing a broad overview of the assigned topic as well as a vision
of the future.
The 'Cosmic Rays and Earth' workshop occurred March 21-26, 1999 at the
International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland. The convenors
are grateful for the generous support provided by ISSI and thank its staff for the
perfect organisation. The editors of the book acknowledge the professional work
of the authors, leading to this well-balanced collection of review articles, and the
timely response of the referees. Last but not least, the external co-editors appreciate
the extensive efforts by ISSI during the editorial process.
J.W. BIEBER, E. EROSHENKO, P. EVENSON, E. 0. FLOCKIGER, and
R. KALLENBACH
June 2000
COSMIC RAYS AND EARTH-A SUMMARY
JOHN W. BIEBER 1, EUGENIA EROSHENK02, PAUL EVENSON 1· 3,
ERWIN 0. FLUCKIGER4, and REINALD KALLENBACH5
1B artol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716, U.S.A.
2Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation (JZMIRAN),
142092, Troitsk, Moscow region, Russia
3Solar-Terrestrial Research, National Science Foundation, Arlington VA 22230, U.S.A.
4Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
5 International Space Science Institute, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
(Received 22 June 2000; accepted 25 July 2000)
Abstract. Cosmic rays provide a diagnostic tool to analyze processes in interplanetary space and at
the Sun. Cosmic rays also directly affect the terrestrial environment and serve as indicators of solar
variability and non anthropogenic climatic changes on Earth at present and in the distant past.
After the invention of the neutron monitor by John A. Simpson in 1948, an international network
of cosmic ray detectors developed in a cooperative effort to examine temporal and spatial variations in
our space environment. The resulting datasets represent the longest continuous, high time resolution
series of particle radiation measurement in space science. At present, the neutron monitor network is
complemented by spacecraft instrumentation to study solar-terrestrial correlated phenomena.
1. Cosmic Ray Observations Near Earth
Pioneering observations with neutron monitors (NMs) are described in the keynote
lecture by Simpson (2000). The new ability to make precise measurements of
cosmic ray fluxes at Earth produced an understanding of four basic phenomena:
oo
(1) Strong variation (200-400%) of cosmic ray intensity between and 60° ge
omagnetic latitude (Simpson, 1948). (2) Systematic variation of cosmic radiation
intensity in response to the 11-year solar activity cycle and the 22-year solar mag
netic cycle (Meyer and Simpson, 1955) that was originally indicated in ion chamber
data from the time period 1937-1952 by Forbush (1954). (3) Correlation of recur
rent modulation of cosmic ray intensity at Earth with the Carrington rotation of the
Sun (Babcock, 1953; Fonger, 1953; Simpson et al., 1953; Simpson, 1954; recently
reviewed by Simpson, 1998). (4) Based on the observation that the sudden and
short burst of relativistic nucleons of a solar flare event (23 February 1956) could
only slowly escape to the interstellar medium through a continuous barrier region
beyond the orbit of Earth, Simpson and coworkers (Meyer et al., 1956; Simpson,
1985; Parker, 1956) postulated a dynamical heliosphere.
Following these discoveries, Parker (1963) developed a quantitative theory for
coronal expansion of the solar wind into interplanetary space. This was the begin
ning of our current understanding of the heliosphere and the cosmic ray modulation
..a,
Space Science Reviews 93: 1-9,2000 .
.." © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
