Table Of Contentq2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC
q2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC
q2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC
Preface
Corrosionisbothcostlyanddangerous.Billionsofdollarsarespentannually
for the replacement of corroded structures, machinery, and components,
includingmetalroofing,condensertubes,pipelines, andmanyother items.
In addition to replacement costs are those associated with maintenance to
prevent corrosion, inspections, and the upkeep of cathodically protected
structures and pipelines. Indirect costs of corrosion result from shutdown,
loss of efficiency, andproduct contamination or loss.
Althoughtheactualreplacementcostofanitemmaynotbehigh,theloss
ofproductionresultingfromtheneedtoshutdownanoperationtopermit
thereplacementmayamounttohundredsofdollarsperhour.Whenatank
orpipelinedevelopsaleak,productislost.Iftheleakgoesundetectedfora
period of time, the value of the lost product could be considerable. In
addition, contamination can result from the leaking material, requiring
cleanup, and this can be quite expensive. When corrosion takes place,
corrosion products build up, resulting in reduced flow in pipelines and
reduced efficiency of heat transfer in heat exchangers. Both conditions
increaseoperatingcosts.Corrosionproductsmayalsobedetrimentaltothe
quality of the product being handled, making it necessary to discard
valuable materials.
Premature failure of bridges or structures because of corrosion can also
resultin human injury oreven loss of life. Failuresof operating equipment
resultingfrom corrosioncan have the same disastrousresults.
When all of these factors are considered, it becomes obvious why the
potentialproblemofcorrosionshouldbeconsideredduringtheearlydesign
stages of any project, and why it is necessary to constantly monitor the
integrity of structures, bridges, machinery, and equipment to prevent
prematurefailures.
To cope with the potential problems of corrosion, it is necessary to
understand
1. Mechanisms of corrosion
2. Corrosion resistant propertiesof variousmaterials
3. Properfabrication and installation techniques
4. Methods to preventorcontrolcorrosion
5. Corrosion testing techniques
6. Corrosion monitoring techniques
Corrosionisnotonlylimitedtometallicmaterialsbutalsotoallmaterials
of construction. Consequently, this handbook covers not only metallic
materialsbut alsoall materialsof construction.
q2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC
Chapter 1 through Chapter 4 covers polymeric (plastic) materials, both
thermoplastic and thermoset. An explanation is presented as to the type of
corrosive effects of each polymer, its ability to withstand sun, weather, and
ozone,along with compatibility tables.
Chapter5andChapter6coverelastomericmaterialsinthesamemanner
that polymers are coveredin Chapter 1throughChapter 4.
It is the intention of this book that regardless of what is being built,
whether it be a bridge, tower, pipeline, storage tank, or processing vessel,
informationforthedesigner/engineer/maintenancepersonnel/orwhoever
is responsible for the selection of material of construction will be found in
this book to enable them to avoid unnecessary loss of material through
corrosion.
Philip A.Schweitzer
q2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC
Author
Philip A. Schweitzer is a consultant in corrosion prevention, materials of
construction, and chemical engineering based in York, Pennsylvania. A
formercontractmanagerandmaterialspecialistforChem-ProCorporation,
Fairfield, New Jersey, he is the editor of the Corrosion Engineering Handbook
and the Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook, Second Edition; and the
author of Corrosion Resistance Tables, Fifth Edition; Encyclopedia of Corrosion
Technology, Second Edition; Metallic Materials; Corrosion Resistant Linings and
Coatings;AtmosphericDegradationandCorrosionControl; What Every Engineer
Should Know About Corrosion; Corrosion Resistance of Elastomers; Corrosion
Resistant Piping Systems; Mechanical and Corrosion Resistant Properties of
PlasticsandElastomers(alltitlesMarcelDekker,Inc.),andPaintandCoatings,
Applications andCorrosion Resistance(Taylor &Francis).Schweitzer received
the BChE degree (1950) from Polytechnic University (formerly Polytechnic
Institute of Brooklyn),Brooklyn, NewYork.
q2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC
q2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC
Contents
Chapter1 Introduction toPolymers.............................................................. 1
1.1 Additives....................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Permeation.................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Absorption.................................................................................................. 12
1.4 Painting of Polymers................................................................................. 15
1.5 Corrosionof Polymers.............................................................................. 16
Chapter2 Thermoplastic Polymers............................................................. 19
2.1 Joining of Thermoplastics......................................................................... 30
2.1.1 Use ofAdhesive.......................................................................... 32
2.2 Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene(ABS)................................................. 37
2.3 Acrylics........................................................................................................ 37
2.4 Chlotrifluoroethylene (CTFE).................................................................. 41
2.5 Ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE).............................................. 46
2.6 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)...................................................... 51
2.7 Fluorinated Ethylene–Propylene (FEP).................................................. 51
2.8 Polyamides(PA)......................................................................................... 60
2.9 Polyamide–Imide (PAI)............................................................................. 65
2.10 Polybutylene (PB)...................................................................................... 66
2.11 Polycarbonate (PC).................................................................................... 68
2.12 Polyetheretherketone(PEEK)................................................................... 70
2.13 Polyether–Imide(PEI)............................................................................... 73
2.14 Polyether Sulfone (PES)............................................................................ 75
2.15 Perfluoralkoxy (PFA)................................................................................. 77
2.16 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)............................................................... 81
2.17 PolyvinylideneFluoride (PVDF)............................................................. 82
2.18 Polyethylene (PE)....................................................................................... 91
2.19 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)......................................................... 100
2.20 Polyimide (PI)........................................................................................... 102
2.21 Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO).................................................................. 103
2.22 Polyphenylene Sulfide(PPS).................................................................. 104
2.23 Polypropylene (PP).................................................................................. 108
2.24 Styrene–Acrylonitrile(SAN).................................................................. 113
2.25 PolyvinylideneChloride (PVDC).......................................................... 114
2.26 Polysulfone (PSF)..................................................................................... 118
2.27 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)....................................................................... 121
2.28 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride(CPVC)............................................. 129
2.29 Chlorinated Polyether (CPE)................................................................. 134
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2.30 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)......................................................................... 134
2.31 Polyurethane(PUR)............................................................................... 138
2.32 Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)...................................................... 141
2.33 Acetals...................................................................................................... 143
References.......................................................................................................... 146
Chapter 3 Thermoset Polymers.................................................................. 147
3.1 Corrosionof Thermosets........................................................................ 147
3.2 Joiningof Thermosets............................................................................. 151
3.3 Ultraviolet Light Stability....................................................................... 151
3.4 ReinforcingMaterials.............................................................................. 151
3.4.1 GlassFibers................................................................................ 152
3.4.1.1 E Glass......................................................................... 152
3.4.1.2 CGlass......................................................................... 152
3.4.1.3 SGlass.......................................................................... 154
3.4.1.4 Glass Filaments.......................................................... 154
3.4.1.5 ChoppedStrands....................................................... 155
3.4.1.6 Glass Mats................................................................... 155
3.4.1.7 Glass Fabrics............................................................... 155
3.4.2 Polyester..................................................................................... 155
3.4.3 Carbon Fiber.............................................................................. 156
3.4.4 Aramid Fibers............................................................................ 156
3.4.5 Polyethylene Fibers.................................................................. 157
3.4.6 Paper........................................................................................... 157
3.4.7 Cotton andLinen...................................................................... 158
3.5 Polyesters.................................................................................................. 158
3.5.1 GeneralPurpose Polyesters.................................................... 160
3.5.2 Isophthalic Polyesters............................................................... 161
3.5.2.1 Typical Applications.................................................. 165
3.5.3 Bisphenol AFumaratePolyesters.......................................... 166
3.5.3.1 Typical Applications.................................................. 173
3.5.4 Halogenated Polyesters........................................................... 173
3.5.4.1 Typical Applications.................................................. 178
3.5.5 TerephthalatePolyesters (PET)............................................... 178
3.5.5.1 Typical Applications.................................................. 180
3.6 Epoxy Polyesters...................................................................................... 180
3.6.1 Resin Types................................................................................ 181
3.6.2 Curing......................................................................................... 182
3.6.2.1 AromaticAmines....................................................... 183
3.6.2.2 Aliphatic Amines....................................................... 183
3.6.2.3 Catalytic Curing Agents........................................... 183
3.6.2.4 Acid Anhydrides....................................................... 183
3.6.3 CorrosionResistance................................................................ 184
3.6.4 Typical Applications................................................................. 184
3.7 VinylEsters............................................................................................... 188
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