Table Of ContentCorridor Development in India
This book discusses the nuances of corridor development in India and its
implications for land acquisition and displacement. It explores the complexities
of land-related conflicts and their socio-economic impacts on people’s lives.
Examining the evolution of a few corridors of national importance such
as Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway, Yamuna Expressway, Delhi–Mumbai
Industrial Corridor, and Pune–Mumbai Expressway, the volume provides a
comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of corridor development and
regional growth. The book discusses how policies relating to land acquisition
result in political, economic, legal, and psychological hardships. The authors,
using primary and secondary data, assess the socio-economic implications of
land acquisition for agriculture, employment, environment, demography, and
land utilization in the areas around these corridors. The work further discusses
sustainable interventions in land acquisition practices to ensure equity of land
and resources for vulnerable communities.
The book will be useful for students and researchers of public policy,
development studies, economics, regional planning, development studies, and
sociology. It will also be of interest to academicians, regional planners, and those
working in the field of land development, resettlement, and rehabilitation.
Vinita Yadav is Professor and Head of Department of the Department of
Regional Planning at the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.
Her recent books include Sustainable Regional Development, Model Village:
Perspectives for Rural Development, and Metropolitan Governance: Cases of
Ahmedabad and Hyderabad. She has over 21 years of experience of working
with the government, private consultancy organizations, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), and academic institutions and has handled projects
funded by WHO, the International Land Coalition, the Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation, the Leprosy Mission, Goal India, development authorities, and
municipal governments.
Rohini Neelkanthrao Kalambe works as a Creative Manager with Capcount
Solution Pvt. Ltd. where she is responsible for handling design graduate
professionals involved in the branding and design of products. Previously, she
worked as a Fellow with Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation and handled
the revamping and transformation of Maharashtra State board school to ICSE
and CBSE affiliated school in Mumbai. She was part of the Maharashtra’s Chief
Minister’s Fellowship Programme and was posted at Kolhapur Municipal
Corporation where she handled disaster management, education, health, and
sanitation programs.
Corridor Development in
India
Impact on Land Acquisition
Vinita Yadav and Rohini Neelkanthrao
Kalambe
First published 2022
by Routledge
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© 2022 Vinita Yadav and Rohini Neelkanthrao Kalambe
The right of Vinita Yadav and Rohini Neelkanthrao Kalambe to be
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without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book
ISBN: 978-0-367-48071-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-19863-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-04443-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003044437
Typeset in Bembo
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Contents
List of figures vi
List of tables viii
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
List of abbreviations xii
1 Transport corridor and its sustainable impact 1
2 Land acquisition: Legal and regulatory context 47
3 Dynamic cohesion of corridor development
and land acquisition 85
4 Economic and social development 123
5 Sustainable intervention in land acquisition for corridor
development 163
Annexures 189
Index 191
Figures
1.1 P rocess of Corridor Development 10
1.2 L and Acquisition Conflicts (in %), 2016 12
1.3 L and and Land Acquisition Conflicts in Maharashtra, 2016 13
1.4 P ersons Affected by Development Projects, 2016 14
1.5 T ransport Corridors and Regional Development 20
1.6 A lignment of Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor 28
1.7 A lignment of Yamuna Expressway 33
1.8 A lignment of Mumbai–Pune Expressway 35
2.1 S ocial Behavior and Kinship Relationships 50
2.2 T imeline of Agriculture and Industrial Age 52
2.3 C ause of Land Acquisition Conflicts 63
2.4 T imeline of Land Acquisition Act 67
2.5 S urvey Questions Asked of Affected Families 68
2.6 F ramework Showing the Land Acquisition and Corridor
Development 73
2.7 N armada Bachoo Andolan and its Land Acquisition 76
3.1 F actors Affecting and Influencing Culture and Displacement 90
3.2 M ethodology 101
3.3 S amruddhi Mahamarg Passing Districts in Maharashtra 103
3.4 P opulation of the Corridor Passing Districts 104
3.5 F armers’ Suicides in Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra, 2011 105
3.6 V idarbha Region and its Backwardness through HDI 107
3.7 L and Procurement Process and Responsible Authorities 111
3.8 L and Utilization, 2016 115
3.9 N et Sown Area (in Hectares) 2011 116
3.10 I rrigated Area (in Hectares) 2011 116
3.11 N et Sown and Irrigated Area 2011 118
4.1 M atrix of Ecosystem Service and Cascade Model 133
4.2 W orkforce Composition, 2011 135
4.3 M ain and Marginal Workers, 2011 135
Figures vii
4.4 W orkforce Composition, 2011 136
4.5 A gricultural Production of Commodities, 2017 137
4.6 W orkforce Participation Rate and Primary Workers 138
4.7 P roduction Loss (Kilogram per Hectare) after Land
Acquisition, 2017 139
4.8 U tilization of Awarded Compensation of Less than
10,000,000 Rupees 139
4.9 U tilization of Awarded Compensation of More Than
10,000,000 Rupees 140
4.10 I ncome Losses Due to Acquisition 145
4.11 F unction-Based Settlement Hierarchy, 2011 146
4.12 P overty Mapping, 2011 149
4.13 T he Compensation Awarded to Vulnerable Families 150
4.14 P arameters Influencing Economic and Social Development 150
5.1 I ssues Related to Land from the 1970s to the 1990s 164
5.2 R ecommended Process of Land Acquisition 178
5.3 R ecommendation to Reduce the Conflicts in Land Acquisition 182
5.4 S ustainable Investment Policy 183
5.5 K ey Conceptual Model 187
Tables
1.1 T ype and Definition of Corridor 8
1.2 T heoretical Approaches to Regional Development 19
1.3 C omparative Analysis of Selected Case Studies 37
2.1 D etails of Land Utilization (Area in Million Hectares)
in India 48
2.2 C omparison Between the Land Acquisition Act, 1894–2015 69
2.3 L and Acquired from Unwilling Farmers 78
3.1 D emographic Profile of Vidarbha Region 108
3.2 L and Acquisition Detail and Total Affected Families 112
3.3 C omparison between the Compensation by Direct Purchase
and LARR, 2013 113
4.1 T ehsils and Villages in Disctircts Passed by the Corridor 141
4.2 D emographic Profile of Tehsils 142
4.3 S elected Functions for Analyzing the Settlement Hierarchy 144
4.4 S calogram for Poverty Mapping in Villages 147
5.1 F laws in the Process for Affected Families and Institution 174
5.2 P arameters Not Considered for Land Acquisition by
Samruddhi Corridor Authorities 175
5.3 I mplications of Samruddhi Corridor 177
Preface
Corridor development is a buzzword in the planning domain. The contribu-
tion of a corridor to a country’s economic development is enormous. Corridor
development necessitates the acquisition of land. Land acquisition leads to con-
flicts between communities, government, and private players. In total, India
has faced 1,269 conflicts related to land acquisition which impacted 56 percent
of families. Forty-eight percent of these acquisitions were for infrastructural
development-related projects.
Samruddhi Corridor connects the economic capital (Mumbai) of the
country to the politically significant center (Nagpur) of Maharashtra state.
In Maharashtra, there are five regions, i.e. Vidarbha (Nagpur and Amravati),
Marathwada (Aurangabad), Konkan (Konkan), Khandesh (Nashik), and
Paschim Maharashtra (Pune). According to the Human Development Index
of 2012, Vidarbha region has the lowest level of development as its contribu-
tion to GDP is only 23 percent as compared to Konkan region (28 percent).
Vidarbha region’s backwardness is attributed to social (lower rate of urbaniza-
tion) and economic (lack of employment generation) reasons as well as spatial
negligence.
Samruddhi Corridor passes through 5 drought-prone districts (Amravati,
Buldhana, Nagpur, Wardha, Washim) out of a total of 11 districts of Vidarbha
region. Land has been acquired through direct purchase and not by implement-
ing the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency for Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013. Though affected families received
compensation five times their farm valuation yet it is still less than the new
law recommends. Hence, 70 percent of the land acquisition is fraught with
conflicts.
The acquisition affected livelihoods and income generation as the corridor
passes through 70 percent of productive agricultural farm land. The loss of
agricultural produce is more than Rs. 70,000 per hectare. The villages through
which the corridor is passing are deprived of facilities and observe higher con-
centrations of poverty. Ninety percent of the villages have a population of less
than 5,000 whereas 30 percent of the villages are 6 order settlements. Urban
settlements located in Nagpur and Wardha districts and their shadow regions
have observed a smaller poverty rate. The vulnerable population has utilized
