Correctional Theory: Context and Consequences

470 Pages·2016·3.036 MB·English

by  Francis T. Cullen, Cheryl Lero Jonson

Correctional Theory
Second Edition
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For her courage, good humor, and friendship in the face of adversity, this book is dedicated to
Wendi Goodlin-Fahncke.
We look forward to many years of continued criminological companionship.
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Correctional Theory
Context and Consequences
Second Edition
Francis T. Cullen
University of Cincinnati
Cheryl Lero Jonson
Xavier University
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Cullen, Francis T. | Jonson, Cheryl Lero.
Title: Correctional theory : context and consequences / Francis T. Cullen, Cheryl Lero Jonson.
Description: Second Edition. | Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publications, Inc., 2016. | Revised edition of the authors’ Correctional theory, 2012. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015038735| ISBN 978-1-5063-0652-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 978-1-4129-8179-8 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 978-1-
4129-8180-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Corrections. | Corrections—United States.
Classification: LCC HV8665.C85 2016 | DDC 364.601—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015038735
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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eLearning Editor: Nicole Mangona
Editorial Assistant: Laura Kirkhuff
Production Editor: Jane Haenel
Copy Editor: Kristin Bergstad
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Brief Contents
1. Preface
2. Part I. Crisis in American Corrections
1. 1. From Theory to Policy: Evidence-Based Corrections
2. 2. Correctional Theory in Crisis: America’s Changing Context
3. Part II. The Punishment Response
1. 3. Just Deserts: Doing Justice or Getting Tough?
2. 4. Deterrence: Scaring Offenders Straight
3. 5. Incapacitation: Locking Up the Wicked
4. Part III. The Social Welfare Response
1. 6. Restorative Justice: Reintegrative Shaming
2. 7. Rehabilitation: What Works to Change Offenders
5. Part IV. Extending the Vision of Corrections
1. 8. Reentry: Saving Offenders From a Life in Crime
2. 9. Early Intervention: Saving Children From a Life in Crime
3. 10. Six Correctional Lessons: Choosing Our Future
6. References
7. Index
8. About the Authors
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Contents
Preface
Part I. Crisis in American Corrections
1. From Theory to Policy: Evidence-Based Corrections
Theories of Corrections
Seven Theories in Brief
Retribution: Balancing the Scales of Justice
Deterrence: Scaring Offenders Straight
Incapacitation: Locking Up Predators
Restorative Justice: Reducing Harm
Rehabilitation: Saving the Wayward
Reentry: Saving Released Prisoners
Early Intervention: Saving the Children
Utility, Opinion, and Evidence
Evidence-Based Corrections
Correctional Quackery
Insider and Outsider Knowledge
Evidence-Based Baseball
Conclusion: What’s Ahead?
2. Correctional Theory in Crisis: America’s Changing Context
What Is Rehabilitation?
The Rise of the Rehabilitative Ideal
The Rise of the “Penitentiary”
The New Penology: The Cincinnati Congress of
Individualized Treatment: The Core of the Rehabilitative Ideal
The Progressive Era: Theory Into Reality
The Rise of Corrections
Attacking Rehabilitation
The “Nothing Works” Doctrine: Martinson and Beyond
Conclusion: Crisis in Correctional Theory
Part II. The Punishment Response
3. Just Deserts: Doing Justice or Getting Tough?
The Concepts of Retribution and Just Deserts: Punishing the Crime
Retribution: Just and Painful
Four Problems for Retribution
The Prison Problem
The Criminology Problem
The Inequality Problem
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The Utility Problem
The Justice Model: Restraining State Discretion
The Failed Promise of Rehabilitation
The Solution: Doing Justice
What Went Wrong? Winning the Battle but Losing the War
Winning the Battle
Losing the War
Conclusion: The Need for Crime Control
4. Deterrence: Scaring Offenders Straight
The Concept of Deterrence
Types of Deterrence: General and Specific
Certainty and Severity of Punishment
Is Deterrence a “Conservative” Theory?
The Theoretical Assumptions of Deterrence
Studying Whether Deterrence Works: Assessing Types of Evidence
Policy Changes That Increase Punishment
Macro-Level Studies of Punishment and Crime Rates
Conducting a Macro-Level Study
What Macro-Level Studies Find
Perceptual Deterrence Studies
Beware of the Ecological Fallacy
Studying Individuals’ Perceptions of Punishment
Two Studies
Deterrence in the Community
Do Community Control Programs Work?
The RAND ISP Study: A Classic Experiment in Corrections
The Effects of Imprisonment
Studying Imprisonment and Recidivism
Does Imprisonment Deter?
Conclusion: The Limits of Deterrence
5. Incapacitation: Locking Up the Wicked
Too Many Prisoners
More Than Enough Criminals
The Concept of Incapacitation
Collective Incapacitation
Selective Incapacitation
Estimating the Incapacitation Effect: Studying Individual Offenders
Inmate Self-Report Studies
Longitudinal Studies
Not So Quick: Don’t Lock Up Everyone Yet
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Estimating the Incapacitation Effect: Macro-Level Studies
Spelman’s Research
Complicating Matters: Two Other Studies
Conclusion: Compared to What?
Part III. The Social Welfare Response
6. Restorative Justice: Reintegrative Shaming
The Concept of Restorative Justice
The Appeal of Restorative Justice
Three Problems
The Justice Problem
The Prison Problem
The Criminological Problem
Does Restorative Justice Work?
Four Limits
Five Studies
Conclusion: The Limits of Harm
7. Rehabilitation: What Works to Change Offenders
The Concept of Rehabilitation
Knowing What Works
Challenging Nothing Works: Narrative Reviews
Standing Up to Martinson: Ted Palmer’s Rebuttal
Bibliotherapy for Cynics: The Canadians Get Involved
Challenging Nothing Works: Meta-Analytic Reviews
What Is a Meta-Analysis?
The Overall Effect Size
Heterogeneity of Effect Sizes
The Impact of Meta-Analysis on the Nothing Works Debate
What Does Not Work
What Does Work: Principles of Effective Intervention
What Else Might Work?
Desistance-Based Rehabilitation
The Good Lives Model
Conclusion: Reaffirming Rehabilitation
Part IV. Extending the Vision of Corrections
8. Reentry: Saving Offenders From a Life in Crime
From Parole to Reentry
The Reentry Problem
Nature of the Problem
Discovery of the Problem
What’s Going on Today
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