Core Concepts in Dialysis and Continuous Therapies

287 Pages·2016·9.41 MB·English

by  Colm C. Magee

Core Concepts in Dialysis and Continuous
Therapies
Colm C. Magee • J. Kevin Tucker
Ajay K. Singh
Editors
Core Concepts in Dialysis
and Continuous Therapies
Editors
Colm C. Magee, MD, MPH, FRCPI Ajay K. Singh, MBBS, FRCP, MBA
Department of Nephrology Global and Continuing Education
Beaumont Hospital Harvard Medical School
Dublin, Ireland Boston, MA, USA
J. Kevin Tucker, MD
Department of Medicine/Renal Division
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA
ISBN 978-1-4899-7655-0 ISBN 978-1-4899-7657-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-7657-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015959598
Springer Boston, MA, Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2016
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Foreword
Dialysis from its earliest days had its foundations in both science and clinical medicine. The
Scottish chemist Thomas Graham, known as the “Father of Dialysis” provided a scientific
description of solute diffusion. Georg Haas, at the University of Giessen near Frankfurt am
Main, performed the first (albeit clinically unsuccessful) dialysis treatments involving humans.
Later, Willem Kolff, working under extraordinary conditions in the Netherlands, pioneered the
first clinically successful dialytic treatment of a patient with acute kidney injury. A half century
ago, Belding Scribner and colleagues pioneered the wider application of dialysis as a therapy
for irreversible kidney failure, by providing a means for repetitive access to the circulation
without the destruction of blood vessels. In the past five decades, the use of dialysis as a life
sustaining therapy has expanded both in the USA and globally, to a degree likely beyond the
comprehension of the early pioneers. Today over 60 nations provide universal access to main-
tenance dialysis, and more than a million people receive dialysis each year worldwide. Truly
clinical necessity has been the mother of dialysis invention and innovation.
There exist many tomes that comprehensively cover the technical aspects of delivering dial-
ysis therapy, along with the clinical care of patients on dialysis. Additionally, there are hand-
books on dialysis which now cover all of the “how-to” practical aspects needed for immediate
management decisions. Yet there remains a gap in information that this book covers—namely
this text fills a need for a succinct coverage of the core concepts around renal replacement
therapy inclusive of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous therapies. Moreover this
book provides timely and authoritative reviews from leading experts in the field. It also brings
an international flavor by recruiting authors from around the world, reflecting global issues and
needs. The target audience? Nephrologists and informed generalists. I congratulate the editors
and authors for covering the clinical art and techne of dialysis, and for a job well done.
Jonathan Himmelfarb, MD
v
Contents
Part I Hemodialysis
1 Epidemiology of End-Stage Renal Disease ............................................................... 3
Amanda K. Leonberg-Yoo and Daniel E. Weiner
2 Technical Aspects of Hemodialysis ............................................................................ 15
Sandip Mitra and Nicos Mitsides
3 Hemodialysis Dose ...................................................................................................... 27
Thomas A. Depner
4 Hemodialysis Complications ...................................................................................... 39
Nicholas A. Zwang, Sagar U. Nigwekar and David J. R. Steele
5 Nutrition Management in Hemodialysis ................................................................... 53
Katrina Campbell, Megan Rossi and Juan Jesus Carrero
6 Vascular Access in Hemodialysis ............................................................................... 71
Timmy Lee and Roman Shingarev
7 Managing Anemia and Metabolic Bone Disease in Dialysis Patients ..................... 93
Ajay K. Singh and Jameela Kari
Part II Home Therapies
8 Technology of Peritoneal Dialysis .............................................................................. 105
Seth B. Furgeson and Isaac Teitelbaum
9 Dosing of Peritoneal Dialysis ...................................................................................... 113
Dirk Gijsbert Struijk
10 Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis ......................................................................... 121
Alice Kennard, David W. Johnson and Carmel M. Hawley
11 Peritoneal Dialysis in Children .................................................................................. 135
Keia Sanderson, Joshua Zaritsky and Bradley A. Warady
12 Special Problems in Caring for Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis ............................. 155
Olof Heimbürger
13 Home Hemodialysis .................................................................................................... 169
Joel D. Glickman and Rebecca Kurnik Seshasai
vii
viii Contents
14 Wearable Dialysis Devices ........................................................................................ 181
Andrew Davenport
Part III Continuous Therapies
15 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT) Overview ............................ 191
Manoj Bhattarai, Ridhmi Rajapakase and Paul M. Palevsky
16 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Technology ........................................... 205
Federico Nalesso and Claudio Ronco
17 Complications of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) .................. 211
James Harms, Keith Wille and Ashita Tolwani
18 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Children .......................................... 221
Scott M. Sutherland
19 Drug Dosing in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) ..................... 231
Helen C. Gallagher and Patrick T. Murray
Part IV Other Therapies
20 Therapeutic Plasmapheresis .................................................................................... 245
Claire Kennedy and Colm C. Magee
21 High Cut Off Hemodialysis ...................................................................................... 257
Clara J. Day and Paul Cockwell
22 Sorbents, Hemoperfusion Devices ........................................................................... 269
James F. Winchester, Nikolas B. Harbord and Elliot Charen
23 Hemodiafiltration ...................................................................................................... 277
Jonathan Wong, Sivakumar Sridharan, Roger Greenwood and Ken Farrington
Index ................................................................................................................................. 287
Contributors
Manoj Bhattarai University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Katrina Campbell Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Wool-
longabba, QLD, Australia
Juan Jesus Carrero Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
Elliot Charen Department of Medicine and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension,
Mount Sinai Beth Israel/Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Paul Cockwell Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Bir-
mingham, UK
Andrew Davenport Royal Free Hospital, University College Medical School, London, UK
Clara J. Day Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Bir-
mingham, UK
Thomas A. Depner University of California—Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
Ken Farrington Department of Renal Medicine, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, Hertfordshire,
UK
Seth B. Furgeson University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
Helen C. Gallagher School of Medicine & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedi-
cal Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Joel D. Glickman Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Roger Greenwood Department of Renal Medicine, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, Hertfordshire,
UK
Nikolas B. Harbord Department of Medicine and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension,
Mount Sinai Beth Israel/Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
James Harms Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Carmel M. Hawley Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane,
QLD, Australia
Olof Heimbürger Department of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Inter-
vention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm,
Sweden
David W. Johnson Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD,
Australia
Jameela Kari Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
ix
x Contributors
Alice Kennard Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD,
Australia
Claire Kennedy Department of Nephrology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Timmy Lee Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
Amanda K. Leonberg-Yoo Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA,
USA
Colm C. Magee Department of Nephrology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Sandip Mitra Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre,
University of Manchester & Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
Nicos Mitsides Department of Renal Medicine, University of Manchester and Devices for
Dignity Healthcare Technology Co-operative, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS
Foundation Trust, Manchester, Lancashire, UK
Patrick T. Murray School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Federico Nalesso Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital,
Vicenza, Italy
Sagar U. Nigwekar Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Harvard Medical School,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Paul M. Palevsky VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Ridhmi Rajapakase University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Claudio Ronco Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital,
Vicenza, Italy
Megan Rossi School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Keia Sanderson Division of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
Rebecca Kurnik Seshasai Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Roman Shingarev Department of Nephrology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, Birming-
ham, AL, USA
Ajay K. Singh Global and Continuing Education, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
Sivakumar Sridharan Department of Renal Medicine, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, Hert-
fordshire, UK
David J. R. Steele Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,
USA
Dirk Gijsbert Struijk Department of Nephrology, Dianet, Academic Medical Center,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Scott M. Sutherland Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford
University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
Isaac Teitelbaum Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO,
USA
Contributors xi
Ashita Tolwani Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Bradley A. Warady Division of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO,
USA
University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
Daniel E. Weiner Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,
USA
Keith Wille Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of
Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
James F. Winchester Department of Medicine and Division of Nephrology and Hyperten-
sion, Mount Sinai Beth Israel/Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Jonathan Wong Department of Renal Medicine, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, Hertfordshire,
UK
Joshua Zaritsky Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, A. I. duPont Hospital for
Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
Nicholas A. Zwang Department of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
MA, USA