Coping with Drought Risk in Agriculture and Water Supply Systems: Drought Management and Policy Development in the Mediterranean

320 Pages·2009·18.98 MB·English

by  Donald A. Wilhite (auth.)

Coping with Drought Risk in Agriculture
and Water Supply Systems
Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research
VOLUME26
Forfurthervolumes:http://www.springer.com/series/6362
Coping with Drought Risk
in Agriculture and Water
Supply Systems
Drought Management and Policy
Development in the Mediterranean
Edited by
Ana Iglesias
DepartmentofAgriculturalEconomicsandSocialSciences,
UniversidadPolite´cnicadeMadrid,Spain
Luis Garrote
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,
UniversidadPolite´cnicadeMadrid,Spain
Antonino Cancelliere
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
UniversityofCatania,Italy
Francisco Cubillo
CanaldeIsabelII,Madrid,Spain
and
Donald A. Wilhite
NationalDroughtMitigationCenter,
UniversityofNebraska,NE,USA
123
Editors
Dr.AnaIglesias Dr.LuisGarrote
UniversidadPolite´cnicadeMadrid UniversidadPolite´cnicadeMadrid
Depto.Econom´ıayCienciasSociales Dpt.Ingenier´ıaCivil:Hidrau´licay
Agrarias Energe´tica
Av.Complutense,s/n Av.Complutense,s/n
28040Madrid,Spain 28040Madrid,Spain
[email protected] [email protected]
Dr.AntoninoCancelliere Dr.FranciscoCubillo
Universita`diCatania CanaldeIsabelII
Dipto.IngegneriaCivilee SantaEngracia,125
Ambientale 28003Madrid
VialeAndreaDoria,6 Spain
95125Catania,Italy [email protected]
[email protected]
Dr.DonaldA.Wilhite
UniversityofNebraska
SchoolofNaturalResources
NationalDroughtMitigationCenter
239L.W.ChaseHall
LincolnNE68583-0749
USA
[email protected]
ThisbookhasbeenwrittenwithintheframeworkoftheMEDROPLAN(MediterraneanDroughtPre-
paredness and Mitigation Planning) Project, co-funded by the European Union through the Euro-
Mediterranean Regional Programme for Local Water Management (MEDA Water) and the Mediter-
raneanAgronomicInstituteofZaragoza-CIHEAM(Spain;Coordinator),UniversidadPolite´cnicade
Madrid(Spain),UniversityofCyprus(Cyprus),NationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens(Greece),Uni-
versityofCatania(Italy),InstitutAgronomiqueetVe´te´rinaireHasanII(Morocco),CanaldeIsabelII
(Spain), Confederacio´n Hidrogra´fica del Tajo (Spain), Fundacio´n Ecolog´ıa y Desarrollo (Spain) and
Ministe`redel’Agriculture,del’EnvironnementetdesRessourcesHydrauliques(Tunisia).
ISBN:978-1-4020-9044-8 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-9045-5
DOI10.1007/978-1-4020-9045-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008938018
(cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009
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Preface
Overthelastthreedecadesdroughtepisodeshaveresultedinseveresocialproblems
inMediterraneancountries,receivingwideattentionfromtheinternationalscientific
and policy communities. The experiences in the development and implementation
ofdroughtmanagement planshighlightthesuccessandchallenges ofcopingwith
droughtforsocietieswithdifferentvulnerabilities.Basedontheseexperiencesand
thecurrentmethodsforevaluatingrisk,thebooksynthesisesguidelinesfordrought
managementthatcanbeappliedtootherregions.
Thisbookaddressesthegrowingissueofdroughtpreparednessplanning,mon-
itoring, and mitigation, which has worldwide application. The methodologies and
lessonslearnedarefocusedonaspecific,drought-proneregionsotheapplications
have more significance. The Mediterranean is a region that has been identified as
likelytoexperiencesignificantclimatechangesinfuturedecadesbecauseofincreas-
ing greenhouse gas emissions and other factors. Preparing for climatic extremes
(i.e.,managingclimatevariability)isanimportantfirststepinpreparingforclimate
change. Finally, the Mediterranean region exemplifies many other drought-prone
regions with rapidly expanding populations that are placing increased pressure on
alreadylimitedwatersupplies.
Thebookcomprisesseveralchaptersdividedintothreesectionsthatappealtoa
broadaudience.First,thepolicy,socialandhydrologicalcontextofMediterranean
countriesispresented,discussingtheinteractionsthathaveresultedinthecomplex
institutionalframework,andhighlightingthecommonelementsthatsupportfurther
droughtpolicydevelopment.Droughtmonitoringisacommonelementinallcases
and is the essential first step for moving from disaster to risk management. This
sectionemphasisestheroleoforganizations,institutions,andcivilstakeholdersin-
volved in drought preparedness and mitigation and/or on water management for
designingeffectiverisk-basedstrategiesthatmitigatetheeffectsofdroughtinagri-
culture, water supply systems, and the environment. Finally, this section includes
a chapter that presents guidelines for developing drought management plans. The
managementactionsrelatedtoagricultureandwatersupplysystemsarepresented
with a common conceptual framework based on the use of drought indicators for
evaluating the levels of drought risk (pre-alert, alert, and emergency), that allow
linkagesbetweenscienceandpolicytobeestablished.
v
vi Preface
Second, the book presents scientific approaches to risk evaluation, including
characterization of drought episodes, development of indicators of risk in agricul-
tural and water supply systems, and analysis of the role of economic instruments
andgroundwaterforriskmitigation.Thissectionfinaliseswiththedescriptionofan
integrated method for evaluating social vulnerability and a discussion of methods
forsocialparticipationtosolvewater-relatedconflicts.
The third section includes a collection of case studies with the description of
effective measures taken in the past. These case studies provide the context for
developingdemand-drivenguidelinesthatmaybeappliedtootherregions.Theau-
thorsofthesechapterscanbeviewedasstakeholdersindroughtmanagementsince
they represent a broad range of sectors and institutions from Mediterranean Euro-
pean and North African countries. The topics addressed have implications for the
internationalpolicycommunityinterestedindisastermitigation,agriculturalpolicy,
anddevelopment.
This book is mainly a result of the collaborative research carried out within
the framework of the Medroplan project (supported by the European Union
MEDA-Water Programme) that analyses drought and water scarcity management
in Mediterranean countries promoting a risk-based preparedness and mitigation
approach.Themulti-disciplinaryeffortsoftheMedroplanteamsproducedasystem-
aticapproachtoassistinthedevelopmentofdroughtandwaterscarcitymanagement
plans linking science and policy (http://www.iamz.ciheam.org/medroplan). The
contributionofallMedroplanresearchteamsandcollaboratorsisacknowledgedfor
theirvaluableinput.Weacknowledgethesupportoftheparticipantinstitutionsand
especially the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza (IAMZ-CIHEAM)
that coordinated the project and continues to support the NEMEDCA Network on
DroughtManagementfortheNearEast,MediterraneanandCentralAsia.
Madrid,Spain AnaIglesias
Madrid,Spain LuisGarrote
Catania,Italy AntoninoCancelliere
Madrid,Spain FranciscoCubillo
Lincoln,NE DonaldWilhite
Acknowledgment
ThisbookcouldonlyberealizedthankstopricelesscontributionsofAntonioLo´pez-
Francos of CIHEAM and Marta Moneo of the UPM coordinating the work of all
authorsduringthefouryearsoftheMEDROPLANproject.
vii
Contents
PartI ChallengestoDroughtManagementinMediterraneanCountries
1 DroughtMonitoringasaComponentofDroughtPreparedness
Planning ...................................................... 3
DonaldA.Wilhite
2 Soft Law Principles for Improving Drought Management
inMediterraneanCountries..................................... 21
EstherLo´pez-BarreroandAnaIglesias
3 AChecklistforDroughtPolicyDevelopment...................... 37
NicosX.Tsiourtis
4 An Environmental Focus on Drought: The Water Framework
Directive ...................................................... 43
AbelLaCalleMarcos
5 GuidelinestoDevelopDroughtManagementPlans ................ 55
AnaIglesias,LuisGarroteandAntoninoCancelliere
PartII MethodsandApproachesforDroughtManagement
6 DroughtCharacterisationintheMediterranean................... 69
G.TsakirisandD.Pangalou
7 AParadigmforApplyingRiskandHazardConceptsinProactive
Planning ...................................................... 81
G.Tsakiris
ix
x Contents
8 AssessmentofDroughtRiskinWaterSupplySystems.............. 93
AntoninoCancelliere,VincenzoNicolosiandGiuseppeRossi
9 MathematicalModelsforReservoirOperationinTunisia...........111
M.H.LouatiandF.Lebdi
10 Risk Management Instruments Supporting Drought Planning
andPolicy.....................................................133
AlbertoGarridoandAlmudenaGo´mez-Ramos
11 MethodsforEvaluatingSocialVulnerabilitytoDrought............153
AnaIglesias,MartaMoneoandSoniaQuiroga
12 MethodsforSocialParticipationandConflictResolution...........161
IgnacioCelaya,AntonioRodr´ıguezPereaandXaviCarbonell
PartIII LearningfromtheCaseStudies
13 DevelopmentofDroughtManagementPlansinSpain ..............175
LuisGarrote,AnaIglesiasandFranciscoFlores
14 CharacterizingDroughtRiskinaSicilianRiverBasin .............187
Giuseppe Rossi, Brunella Bonaccorso, Vincenzo Nicolosi
andAntoninoCancelliere
15 TheRoleofGroundwaterDuringDrought........................221
Mar´ıa Casado Sa´enz, Francisco Flores Montoya
andRobertoGildeMingo
16 DroughtSeverityThresholdsandDrought
ManagementinGreece .........................................243
D.Pangalou,D.Tigkas,H.Vangelis,G.Tsakiris
andA.Nanou-Giannarou
17 UsingandTestingDroughtIndicators ............................257
LuisGarc´ıaAmor,AlejandroCarrascoandJuanCarlosIba´n˜ez
18 DroughtManagementintheUrbanWaterSupplySystemofCanal
deIsabelII,Spain..............................................273
FranciscoCubillo