Copepods and their resting eggs, a potential source of nauplii for aquaculture

171 Pages·2017·2.6 MB·English

Copepods and their resting eggs,
a potential source of nauplii for
aquaculture
Ph.D. Thesis by:
Guillaume Drillet
Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Changes,
Roskilde University, Denmark
&
Technical University of Denmark (DTU aqua)
National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Denmark
PhD Supervisors
Benni W. Hansen (Professor)
Roskilde University
Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change
Universitetsvej 1, Box 260
Building 11.2
4000 Roskilde
Denmark
[phone]
[email protected]
Thomas Kiørboe (Professor, Head of Section)
National Institute for Aquatic Resources
Technical University of Denmark
Kavalergården 6
DK-2920 Charlottenlund
Denmark
[phone]
[email protected]
© 2010 Guillaume Drillet
Layout: Ritta Juel Bitsch
Front page: Guillaume Drillet and Ritta Juel Bitsch
Print: Prinfo Paritas Digital Service
There are no such things as applied sciences, only
applications of science.
Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895)

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements.....................................................................................7
Abstract......................................................................................................9
1..Introduction.........................................................................................11
1.1. Historical aspect of Aquaculture ........................................................11
2..Live.preys.in.aquaculture......................................................................15
2.1. The need for live prey ........................................................................15
2.2 Artemia ............................................................................................ 16
2.3. Rotifers .............................................................................................17
2.4. Other potential live preys ..................................................................17
3..Copepods.as.a.live.prey.........................................................................19
4..Copepod.eggs,.a.storage.stage.for.aquaculturists..................................23
5..Why.use.Acartia.tonsa.as.a.lab.rat?........................................................27
6..Terminology.of.copepod.eggs................................................................29
7..Conclusions.and.future….....................................................................33
8..References.............................................................................................35
8.1. Manuscripts ......................................................................................35
8.2. Internet sources: ................................................................................39
9..Manuscripts:.........................................................................................41
Manuscript 1 ...........................................................................................43
Manuscript 2 ...........................................................................................61
Manuscript 3 ...........................................................................................81
Manuscript 4 ...........................................................................................93
Manuscript 5 .........................................................................................103
Manuscript 6 .........................................................................................113
Manuscript 7 .........................................................................................155
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
To my super wife Zuzana, my family, my grandmother Odette and her great-grand
children number 19, Antoine, the youngest of the Drillet’s.
There is a long list of persons I have to thanks for giving me the curiosity that
pushed me to do science and helped me along my research. I am sure I will forget
to thank a few of my colleagues, friends or relatives in the coming lines but I am
pretty certain that they will not feel disappointed about this.
Before others, I would like to thank Roskilde University, GESS the Graduate
School of Stress Studies, The EU Eur-Ouans Network of Excellence and their
involved researchers for co-funding my PhD.
I would particularly like to thank Prof. Benni W. Hansen (Roskilde University)
and Prof. Thomas Kiørboe (Technical University of Denmark) for their precious
help during my PhD. I have had the chance to be co-supervised by two com-
plementary and exceptional scientists and teachers who guided me through the
different steps of my work.
I would like to thank Prof. Daniel Yves Alexandre (University of Rennes 1), Dr.
Francois Lantoine (University Paris 6), Prof. Nancy H. Marcus (Florida State
University), Dr. Marta Ilyova, and Prof. Steve Hay (FRS marine laboratory) for
welcoming me in their laboratories and giving me some of their time to educate me.
I would also like to thank Dr. Jeffrey Wilcox, Dr. Cris Oppert, and all my room-
mates for helping me through my stays in Florida and Denmark. Without them,
I would not have enjoyed so much working over there.
I would like to thank all my co-authors, all the scientists who helped me one
way or another either by giving me a hand in the laboratory or sharing scientific
discussions with me. Prof. Sami Souissi who helped me to connect with people
working with copepods in aquaculture, most of the staff at RUC, DTU-Aqua,
FSU, FRS Marine Laboratory, Wimereux Marine Station, Banuyls Sur Mer
Marine laboratory, the Slovak Academy of Science. Particularly I would like to
thanks Anne Busk Faaborg for her precious help in the lab and Ritta Juel Bitsch
for helping me putting my thesis together.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 7
I would like to thank my Uncles Dr. Francois Philippot and Emile Philippot for
sharing with me their interests in sciences and travelling.
There is no way I could thank enough all my family and friends for bringing me
some good energy along all my years of study in France and abroad, visiting me
everywhere and sharing their views on life and sciences.
8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Abstract
English
Copepods are the most numerous metazoans on earth and can represent up to
80% of the zooplankton in the ocean, becoming the natural food sources for
many fish larvae. Copepods are adapted to fluctuating environment, with some
producing resting eggs that can survive decades in the sediment before hatching
and returning to the water column. Understanding the processes behind this
resting strategy does not only give insights about the ecological implications of
such stages, but it also raises the possibility to store the best live prey for feeding
by the early stages of fish larvae, cephalopods and other aquatic animals. Using
copepods as a live prey could have an important effect in the aquaculture industry
where new species could be reared through their entire life cycle and it could also
be used as a tool to decrease the pressure in sensitive environments such as coral
reefs, where fish are increasingly being removed to feed the aquarium trade with
live individuals. During my PhD I mainly studied the resting eggs potentials from
different populations of the copepod Acartia tonsa and I evaluated its cultivation
potential from a zoo-technical to a biochemical perspective.
French
Les copépodes sont les métazoaires les plus nombreux et peuvent représenter
jusqu’à 80% du zooplancton dans les systèmes marins où ils sont la nourriture
principale des larves de poissons. Les copépodes sont adaptés aux fluctuations
environnementales et certains utilisent la dormance comme stratégie pour survivre
pendant les périodes critiques. Les œufs de dormance peuvent subsister plusieurs
décennies dans le sédiment avant d’éclore et de retourner dans la colonne d’eau.
Comprendre le phénomène de la dormance chez les copépodes ne permet pas
uniquement de mieux appréhender les questions écologiques, cela permet aussi à
la société humaine de développer des méthodes efficaces pour stocker les œufs de
copépodes afin de les utiliser ultérieurement pour nourrir les larves de poisson/
céphalopodes dans les écloseries. Cette utilisation ne touche pas in fine, unique-
ment le monde aquacole, c’est aussi une façon de remédier aux pêches intensives/
destructives sur les récifs coralliens où des poissons vivants sont prélevés pour
alimenter le marché de l’aquariophilie. Durant ma thèse, j’ai étudié les capacités
de stockage des œufs d’Acartia tonsa provenant de différentes populations et j’ai
ABSTRACT 9
analysé différents paramètres de cultures aussi bien zootechniques que biochi-
miques pour ces mêmes populations.
Danish
Vandlopper (copepoder) anses for at være verdens talrigeste flercellede dyr og
kan ræpresentere 80% af havets dyreplankton. Copepoder er et af de vigtigste
fødeemner for mange fiskelarver. Copepoder er tilpasset fluktuerende miljøer og
nogle producerer hvileæg, der kan overleve i dekader i sedimentet før de klækker
og larverne svømmer op i vandsøjlen. At forstå processerne bag denne hvilestra-
tegi giver ikke blot indsigt i de økologiske betydninger af hvilestadier, men giver
akvakulturindustrien mulighed for at oplagre det bedste fødeemne til senere at
kunne fodre tidlige stadier af fiskelarver, blæksprutter og andre akvatiske dyr. Ved
at anvende copepoder som levende foder kan nye arter indenfor akvakulturen blive
kultiveret gennem hele deres livscyklus. Copepoder som levende foder kan tillige
mindske presset på følsomme økosystemer f.eks. koralrev hvor der idag opfiskes
fisk til akvarieindustrien. I mit PhD projekt har jeg studeret hvileæg fra forskellige
populationer af den kystnære calanoide copepod Acartia tonsa (Dana). Jeg har
vurderet copepodens kultiveringspotentiale i et bredt spektrum der spænder fra
et zooteknisk- til et biokemisk perspektiv.
10 ABSTRACT