Coordinating the Internet

498 Pages·61.484 MB·English

by  edited by Brian Kahin and James H. Keller.

Coordinating theI nternet
CopyrigMhatteedr ial
Coordinagt thine Internet
editbeyd BrKaihainn a ndJamHe.sK eller
A Publicatoifot nh eH arvarIdn formatIinofnr astruPcrtoujreec t
TheM ITP rescs,arft BfU'{�� N.Rffitl@eatntsdL, o ndonE,n gland
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© 1997T heP resideanntdF elloowfsH arvarCdo lelge
Allr ighrtse serveNdo .pa rotf th isb ookm ayb er eproduced ina nyf ormb ya nye lectronic
or mechanimceaaln s( includpihnogt ocopyirnegc,o rdinogri, n formatisotno ragaen d
retrievwailt)h oupte rmissoin iwnr tiing fromt hep ublisher.
Thisb ookw asp rintaenddb oundi nth eU niteSdt atoefAs m erica.
LibraorfyC ongreCsast aloging-in-PubDlaitcaa tion
CoordinatitnhgIe n terne/te dited byB riaKna hina ndJ amesH .K eller.
p. cm.- (AP ublicoaftth ieoH narvar d Information
Infrastructure Project)
Includes index.
ISBN0 ·262·112(3h0c-:2 a lkp.a per)-. ISBN0 -262.611(3p&.b8k:
alkp.a per)
I.I ntern(eCto mputenre twork) T2e.l ecommunicatpioloni n'.
3.I nterne(tC omputenre twork)-ManagcmenIt.Ka. h in.B rian.
IIK.e lleJra, mHe.s IIISe.r ies.
TKS]()'J.87S.J15979C76 66
384.33-dc21 97-13176
CIP
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Contents
Preafce ix
Acknowledgments xiii
GlossaoryfA cronyms xv
TheP robleomf I nterneGto vernance
TheS elf-GoverInnitnergn Ceoto:r dinatbiyoD nes ign 3
SharoEni snerG illaentdtM itchKealplo r
Governanocfet heI nterneAt U:K Perspective 39
MarkG ould
AndH ow Shaltlh eN etB eG overnedA? M:e ditatoino n
theR elatiVviert uoefsD ecentralEimzeerdg,e nLta w 62
DaviRd. J ohnsoann dD avid G.P ost
FactoSrhsa pinIgn ternSeetl f-Governance 92
A.M . Rutkowski
Domain Names
InternDeotm ainN amesW:h oseD omainI sT his? 107
Robert Shaw
"Domain-iThae"G :r owinTge nsiobne tweent he
DomainN ame Systeamn dT rademarLka w 135
AlexandGeigra nte
TrademarDki sputienst heA ssignmeonfDt o main
Names 154
CarOlp pedahl
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Contents
NetworkS olutiaonnsdD omainN ameD ipsutes:
A Repltyo C arOlp pedahl 187
PhilLi.pS bm-baro
RegistertihneDg o mainN ame SysteAmn: Exercise
inG lobaDle cision-Making 194
WilliAa_mF oster
Addressianngdt heF uturoef C ommunications
Competint:iL oessonfsr omT elephoanny dt he
Internet 208
AshlAeyn deeann dJ ohnL eslKiien g
InWh ose Domain?N:a me Servicei nA dolescence 258
DonM itcheSlclo,Bt rta dnearn,d K Claffy
NetworkN umbers
FinancIinacle ntifvoerRs o utAeg gregatainodn
EfficienAtd dresUst ilizaitnit ohneI nternet 273
YakoRevk hterP,a ulR esnicakn,dS teMv_eB ne llovin
AddresAsd ministraitniI oPnv 6 288
EricH offmana ndK Claffy
Interconnecantdi oSnest tlements
ScalabIlnet ernIentt erconnecAtgiroene menatnsd
IntegraSteervdi ces 309
JosephB ailaeyn dL eeM cKnight
InternEextc hangePso:l icy-DrEivvoelnu tion 325
BilaClh inanodyT imoJt Shaylo
InterconnecPtriiocni,na gn,dS ettlemeSnotmse:
Healthy Jositntl hienG gr owtohf t heI nternet 346
RichaAr.dC awley
SettlemSeynstt emfso rt heI nternet 377
MariaF arnona ndS coHtutd dle
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Contents
TheH ongK ongI nternEextc hangTeh:e E conomics,
Evolutiaonnd,C onnectiovfiA tys iaInnt ernet
Inrfastructure 404
MiltoMnu ellJeors,ep hY .H ui,a ndC he-hCohoe ng
ServiceQ uality
IPP erformance Metrics 423
Guy T. Almes
CooperatiinoI nn ternDeatt aA cquisitainodAn n alysis 438
TracMioen ka ndK Claffy
Contributors 467
Index 473
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Preface
The transitoifot nh eI nternferotm a U.S.g overnment-funded
projetcotc ommerciianlf rastruhcatsub reee ni ncrementbault,
perceptnisoh avech angeddr amaticaFlolryy e.a rtsh,e w orlsda w
theI nternaesat c reatuorfteh eU .SD.e partmteo nfD efensNeo.w
theraer ec laimtsh atth eI nterniesat s elf-goverorngiannigsm
controlblyen do o ne andn eedinngo o versigFhotry. e arAmse,r i­
cantsh oughtth atth eI nternweatsf ree, paidf orb yt heN ational
Science Found(aNtSiFoa)nn do thegro vernmernets earacghe n­
ciesN.o w iti su nderstotohda tth eI nterniesnt o tf reeb,u ti ti s
inexpenivse andi sty picalyl paidf or( atb othi nstitutional and
individlueavle losn)a fixed-rabtaes is.
The U.S.g overnmenrto lei nt heg lobal Interniestg reatly
diminishYeedtt.,h rougthh eF ederlNa etworknigC ouncitlh,eN SF
andt heD efense AdvaRnecseerdach ProjecAtgsen ccyo ntintuoe
suppoarntd o versee craidtmiicnailst raantdic voeo rdinaftuinncg­
tionssu,c ha st hea llocatainodan s signmoefnn te tworkn umber.s
Them anagemenotft heg enerci TopL eveDlo mains-.c.oomgr,,
.net----stlilp roceedsu ndera coopetriavea greemebnettw eent he
NationSacli encFeo undatiaonnd N etworSko lutioInnsc,.a ,l ­
though iti ss upportbeydu sefre es.
Nonetheletshse,I nterniestr e markabldye cenatlrizeadn d
uninstitutionIatflsuti uzreei dsn. o tti edto a nyp arctuilaro rganiza­
tiona,l thouag hn umbero fd iffereonrtg anizatpiloancysr itical
roleAss. itg rowsi ns cop,e bandiwdtha,n df unctionatlhiety ,
Internweilltr equigrree atceoro rdinna,tb iuoti ti sn otc leawrh at
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Preface
kindo fc oordinatmiencgha nisamnsd i nstitutwiiolenlvs o lvTeh.e
goalo fth isv olumies t ot ryt o lcarifyt hen eedsis,s eus, andp ossible
solutiroenlsa tteodt hesceh allenges.
Somec oordinatpiroonb lemssu,c ha ss ettlememnatsy,b ea d­
dressetdh rougbhi laatlea rgreemenntesg otiatiendt heo pen
marketOt.h erp roblemlisk,e networnku mbera ndd omainn ame
managemenste,me tor equrie a leveolf u niversaaglr eement­
althouigtmh a ys tiblelp ossibtlolee a ve mucho fth e allocatoifo n
numberasn dn amest ot hem arketplaTchee.r emarkabsluec ceosfs
theI nternet EngineeriTnags kF orcei nd evelopicnogn sensual
standarsdusg gestthsa nte w,a giel institutmiaoynb se n eeded.
Withitnh eI nternceotm munityt heries g reastk eptictihsamt
traditioinnalt ernational orgaarneis zuaittiteoodnt sh et askIn.­
deedi,ti s d oubtftuhla atn yoneor gnaizatoinc oulds pant her ange
ofi ssutehsa atr ei nn eedo fs omed egreoef c oordinatTihoen .
questioandsd ressiendt hibso okr angfer omi nt-rinadustryi ssues
sucha ss ettlemeanntdss tatisctoilclse cttioto hne s prawlipnrgo b­
lemo fd omainna mesw,h icahf fectthsec ommercial inotfe rests
millions ofc ompanies aroundt hew orldB.r oader issureasise
publipco liqcuye stitohnasst e emt od emanda tl eatshte b lessionfg
ani nternatioonraglnai zation-schu ast heIn ternatoinalT elecom­
municatiUonnio n (ITUo)r t heW orldI nteltlueaclP ropertyOrga­
nization (WIPO)-tharte preenstsn ationgaolv ernmentTsh.e
In
ternSeotc iewthyi,c ihsp robabalsry e prestaetni evo fth eI nt ernet
communitya sa nyo rganizna tciano claim tob e,h ast aketnh el eda
ont hed omainna me rpoblem byi nvolivngt hel TVa nd \\lPO( and
others)i ns ettiunpgt heI nternatioAnda Hlo cC ommitte(eL lliC).
Ifth e domainn ame issuecsa nb e reslo\'etdh,e na nytihngi s
doablPee.r haptsh eIAH C ist he ahrbingero ft heso rto flitga hnd
agilree gualtoryr egimteh atmi ghtb e right fort he\ "otlieal and
dynamiIcn tern.eO tn theo ther hacnodn,\ "teoinnaln eeds, suhc as
thec olelctioonfs t atitsics, mighbte m anagedw ithia ntr ade gropu
liktehe CommerciaIln terneeXtc hange Associat(iConI XT)h.e
CIX waso riginally esttaobo lpiesrhaetad e s ettlement-efxr­ee
changfea cilTihtiyfs.a cste emst ob ea na ccideonfth itso\[",si tnao w
appeartsh aItn ternperto videwrisle ls tablfiinsahn cails ettlmeents
fori ntercoenctnioann dt raffice xchangaes a privamtaet teirna
competitimvaer ket.
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Wh etheru ndertakent hrough ana ssociatori aonna dh ocp ro­
cessc,o llectaicvtei ofnac ess omeu niquoeb satclesi nth e Internet
environment:
• theU .Sg.o venrmenth asp layeda tasbilizing role ink eyc oord­i
natign functionwshi,ch hash istroicallyd iminishtheed n eedf or
collectacitivoen;
• asi no thenre wi ndustrsiteask,e holdareer fosc used no propri­
etareyx ploitaotfin oenw opportunitaineds ;
• Internperto vidferasca eh osot fe xtrnisci issuseusc ha sli abiliyt
forc opyrigihnrtfi ngemeanntd t het hreoaftr egulattihoanet x ert
greatd emandosn t heicro llectaitvtee ntion.
Statistcisa ndq uailty ofs ervicset andarldoosk l ikgeo oidd eabsu t
pale besidteh eslaer gerp olicyi ssues.
As noteda bovet,h e" largpeoslti"icsy s utea ckliendt hibso oki s
thea llocatainodnm anagemenotf t heTo p LeveDlo mainna me
spacaen,d e vent hatd eialstw ithfr om thel imitpeedr spectoifv e
short-tneeerdmsa ndt ensioRnesm.a rkabdleys,pi tet hee normous
valuaet tributtoed do mainn ames, andi ncreasinga nalgioetso t he
probleomfss pectraulm locatwieof nou,n dn oe conomisttasc kling
thei ssue.
In thipsr oject, we carefully avoidedd ealing witht hem any
exrtinsici ssufeasc ingt heI nterneti ndustry aroundt hew orld:
conternetg ulant,is oervirecgeu lation, taaxtio,ln iabiilty foarc tosf
userjsu,r isdictpiroobnlaelms , etc.T hesea ret oughc,o mplicated
issutehsa tth eIn terneti ndustarnydc ommunityn eedt oco nfront,
preferaybi ln cao ncertmeadn nerT.h eya rea lsoon t heag enda of
theH arvardIn formationI nfrastrPurcotjeuHcrtoe.w evewreh, av e
soughtt of ocush ereo nw hatw e seea st hef rist-orderp rioroif ty
establisah sitnga blien,t ernatiobnaasleldly,ea gla ndi nstitutional
foundatni foorth e Internuepto nw hichs olutitoont sh eshei gher­
leveprlo blemsc anf ollwo.
Thei ssuaedsd ressientd h ibso oka risfreo mf unctiohniss toryi call
withint hep urview ofU .Sf.e deralr esearpcrho rgams. Ironically,
thes ubsidy ando versight providebdyt heU .Sg.o vernmentr e­
searacghe nciesh elpetdh eo peni nfrastturruocef tIhen tertnoe t
growu nburednedb yc oordination costasn dr elativelyf reoef t he
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Preface
jockeyinfgo rc ontrtohlat i sco mmonf oro thetre chnologisea nd
platforTmhse.y s etth ep recedenta nd pattoefrn non proprietary
standaanrdodp se nin terconnection thastt idlrli vteh eg rowth of
theIn ternett odaYye.t a ltlh is aphpenedo utsitdhere e acohfU .S.
policdeyv elopmenta nd regulatory agencies.
Witht hep ush toi nternationaanldip zaret ailyl priavtize these
functions, theriesc elarlya s trong desitrome a itnaitnh bea lanocfe
cooperatoin and competitthiaothn a swo rkeds ow elflo rt he
Internet. Iwta si nth issp iritt haHta rvartdhe,I nternSeotci ety, the
CIX,th eI TU,a ndth eN ationSacelin ce Foundation planned the
project thahta sre sulted int hisv olumeA. workshohpe lda t
Harvardi nS eptemb19e9rb6 r oughtt ogetherk eyi ndividualsn da
organiaztiosn withiann db eyondt heI nternceto mmuniWtye.
hopteh att hibso okw,h ich inclumdaensyp a persp reparefdo rth e
workshhoeplp,s b roadenu nderstadning oft heis sues andm ove
thiasge ndab eyontdh eU nited Stattoet sh mea nyo therc ountries
thanto ws harea s imisltarai nk teh ef uturoeft heI nternet.
Like Internett ehcnology, Interandemti nistraantdgi oovenr­
nancareen ow moving fasat,n dt hbioso okff ears sna pshotta ken
att hee nd of 1996W.e havea lso establisah eWde b sitae t
<http:gw/ww/.khsarvard.edcua/iciilsu ippp.h/tm l> asa livign
adjunctt ot heb ooka,s we lla l inkt osu pplementary materiaslusc,h
asRF Cs,a vailabonl teh eI nte rnet. Asp arotf o urg oaol ffo sternig
cooperation amdoinvge rInsteer neti nterewsets so, lie\c'eiryton e' s
help inm aintaithneiW nebg s itaesa comprehensivvie rtual
archiWvee i.n virteaed erst op rovide feedbacakn ds uggestitoo ns
[email protected].
Brian aKanhdJia mne sK eller
InformaItnifornas trucPtrujoerce t
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Janua19ry9 7
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