Table Of ContentExploring Education Policy in a Globalized World:
Concepts, Contexts, and Practices
Eryong Xue
Jian Li
Coordinated
Education
Development
Policy in China
Insight from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei
Region
Exploring Education Policy in a Globalized
World: Concepts, Contexts, and Practices
Series Editors
Eryong Xue, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
Simon Marginson, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Jian Li, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
This book series explores education policy on Pre-K, K-12, post-secondary educa-
tion, and vocational education, informing multiple experts from academia to prac-
titioner, and specifically pays focuses on new frontiers and cutting-edge knowl-
edge that transforms future education policy development. It has been initiated by
a global group of education policy research centers and institutions, whose faculty
and staff includes internationally recognized researchers in comparative education
policy studies. The series’ mission is to advance the modernization of the education
and social construction.
This series provides policymakers and researchers with an in-depth understanding
of international education policy from diverse perspectives. Topics include cutting-
edge and multidisciplinary studies on identifying, analyzing and uncovering educa-
tion policy reform and practice among the fields in education policy and pedagogy.
It addresses how education policy shapes the development of education systems in
different regions and seeks to explain how specific education policies concentrate on
accelerating the development of quality education and social progress. More impor-
tantly, this book series offers policymakers and educational stakeholders, govern-
ment, and private sectors a comprehensive lens to investigate the trends, rationales
of education policy development internationally.
·
Eryong Xue Jian Li
Coordinated Education
Development Policy in China
Insight from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei
Region
Eryong Xue Jian Li
Beijing Normal University Beijing Normal University
Beijing, China Beijing, China
This research was funded by Beijing Education and Science Priority Research Project: Coor-
dinated Development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Optimal Allocation of Vocational
Education Resources in Beijing (Project Number: AEAA17010).
ISSN 2730-6356 ISSN 2730-6364 (electronic)
Exploring Education Policy in a Globalized World: Concepts, Contexts, and Practices
ISBN 978-981-19-7930-9 ISBN 978-981-19-7931-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7931-6
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Preface
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration is a plan pointed out by Chinese Premier Li
Keqiang in his government work report on March 5, 2014, with the aim of
strengthening economic cooperation in the Bohai Rim region and the Beijing-
Tianjin-Hebei region. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is China’s “capital circle”,
comprising Beijing, Tianjin, and 11 prefecture-level cities in Hebei Province,
including Baoding, Tangshan, Langfang, Cangzhou, Qinhuangdao, Shijiazhuang,
Zhangjiakou, Chengde, Handan, Xingtai, and Hengshui. This book investigates the
coordinated education development policy in China through insight from the Beijing-
Tianjin-Hebei region. It examines the educational resource allocation in Beijing,
the allocation of educational resources in student resource optimization analysis in
Tianjin, the educational resource allocation in Hebei Province, and the optimal allo-
cation of vocational education resources in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. This book
also offers a holistic landscape for exploring coordinated education development
historically.
Chapter 1 explores the policy analysis of educational resource allocation in
Beijing. The allocation of educational resources is an important factor related to
the development of education in a region. The effective allocation and rational use
of resources are the premise of bringing the advantage of resources into the optimal
state. In the analysis of Beijing education resource allocation policy, official data and
relevant literature will be used for reporting and analysis. The imbalance of educa-
tional development is mainly the imbalance of educational resource allocation, and
educational policy is the decisive factor affecting the pattern of educational resource
allocation. The government is not only the maker of education policy but also the
main body of the implementation of education policy. The government must formu-
late and carry out the corresponding education policy. Based on objective data, this
chapter analyzes the allocation of educational resources in Beijing and analyzes the
status quo and development trend of teacher resources and the possible changes in
teacher resources, especially the situation of teacher resources and allocation, and
explores a series of problems, such as the prediction, early warning, and intervention
mechanism of the optimal allocation of teacher resources.
v
vi Preface
Chapter 2 offers a policy analysis on the allocation of educational resources in
Tianjin student resource optimization analysis in Tianjin. Education is the funda-
mental way for mankind to pass on civilization and knowledge, train the younger
generation, and create a better life. As an economic center and an important partici-
pant in the coordinated development strategy of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, Tianjin’s
educational resources are of self-evident importance, and student resources are an
important link in education. This paper focuses on the analysis of the characteris-
tics and development trend of student resources in general education and vocational
education in Tianjin and explores the role of government and society in optimizing
the allocation of student resources.
Chapter 3 concentrates on the policy analysis of educational resource allocation
in Hebei Province. With the adjustment of China’s birth policy, the original one-child
policy has been replaced by the comprehensive three-child policy. The change in birth
policy will inevitably bring about the change in population structure. As the main
target of educational activities, students are the first group affected by demographic
changes. Changes in the number of students will lead to corresponding changes in
the education industry, reflected in the size of schools and many other aspects. The
influence of students on education is reflected not only in the content and results
of teachers’ classroom teaching but also in the enrollment rate, enrollment rate, the
number of graduates, and the size of schools. At both the micro and macro-levels, the
impact of student resources on education cannot be ignored. Therefore, the study of
the change in student resources in the current period is conducive to better allocation
of educational resources by the relevant departments, which is conducive to the
development of high-level and high-quality education.
Chapter 4 offers a policy analysis on the optimal allocation of vocational educa-
tion resources in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. To analyze the optimal allocation of
vocational education resources in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, this chapter system-
atically reviews the policies related to vocational education issued by the central
government and Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei since 2015. According to the changes
in policies over time, the achievements of relevant policies are summarized, and the
development trend of vocational education in the future is simply analyzed. With the
adoption of the program for coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei
region, the integration process of the three regions is also advancing rapidly. At
the same time, with the rapid development of China’s economic scale and a variety
of industries, vocational education also plays an increasingly important role in the
modern education system. As an important way to cultivate application-oriented
talent urgently needed by society, vocational education is the basis for achieving
coordinated economic development and social stability and can effectively alleviate
economic and social problems such as “structural imbalance” in the labor market
and “difficult employment” for college students.
Chapter 5 explores the policy analysis on the optimal allocation of higher educa-
tion resources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The main task of distributing
some educational functions in Beijing is to strictly control the scale of higher educa-
tion in the capital and promote the orderly relocation of some educational functions
and the cooperative development of regional educational undertakings. The Beijing
Preface vii
municipal education commission issued “Beijing” much starker choices-and graver
consequences-in “interpretation” education reform and development planning, which
mentioned in “much starker choices-and graver consequences-in” Beijing will no
longer expand the scale of higher education schools, no longer new to set up or
upgrade the ordinary institutions of higher learning, higher education schools are
no longer new area, six city area of higher education is no longer the campus
expansion; We will no longer expand the scale of adult education, online educa-
tion and face-to-face education in regular institutions of higher learning. In addition,
Beijing will support the relocation of central universities and municipal universities in
Beijing to suburbs, Hebei, and Tianjin by means of overall relocation, branch schools
and joint education. Accordingly, Beijing resolutely implemented the list of newly
added industries, strictly controlled the enrollment scale of municipal colleges and
secondary vocational schools, strictly controlled the scale of institutions of higher
learning in Beijing, and strictly prohibited the establishment of new institutions of
higher education in Beijing.
Beijing, China Eryong Xue
Jian Li
Acknowledgements In the realization of this book, our contributors have been supportive and
willing to share their opinions and perspectives on how to explore the overall Chinese education
policy landscape from a concept-added policy chain perspective. We are grateful for the generosity
and positive spirit of collegiality. While most of the chapters in this book are original, several are
adopted from our previously published material, and editors are grateful for the kind permissions
granted to facilitate this.
Authors and Affillation (Eryong Xue and Jian Li share the co-first authorship and contribute
equally in this book).
Contents
1 Policy Analysis of Educational Resource Allocation in Beijing ...... 1
1.1 Policy Analysis of Student Resource Allocation in Beijing ....... 1
1.1.1 Preschool Education: The Enrollment Rate
of School-Age Children has Reached 100% .............. 2
1.1.2 Ordinary High Schools: The Number of Student
Resources Declined First and then Rose ................. 2
1.1.3 Higher Education: The Number of Students Fluctuates .... 3
1.1.4 Analysis of the “Universal Three-Child Policy”
and Prediction of Its Impact on Student Resources ........ 3
1.1.5 The Prediction, Early Warning, and Intervention
Mechanism of the Optimal Allocation of Student
Resources ........................................... 6
1.2 Policy Analysis of Educational Resource Allocation in Beijing .... 8
1.2.1 The Concept of Educational Resource Allocation
and Related Main Issues .............................. 8
1.2.2 Suggestions for Educational Resource Allocation
in Beijing ........................................... 13
1.2.3 The Development of Preschool Education in Beijing
from 2012 to 2019 ................................... 14
1.2.4 Overview Analysis of Preschool Education in Beijing ..... 15
1.2.5 Number of Full-Time Preschool Education Teachers
by District in Beijing ................................. 16
1.2.6 Number of Full-Time Preschool Education Teachers
in Beijing by Educational Background .................. 17
1.2.7 Primary School Development in Beijing from 2012
to 2019 ............................................. 18
1.2.8 Analysis and Suggestions on the Number of Full-Time
Primary Education Teachers in Each District of Beijing .... 18
1.2.9 Number of Full-Time Primary Education Teachers
in Each District of Beijing ............................. 19
1.3 School Resource Allocation and Policy Analysis in Beijing ....... 20
ix
x Contents
1.3.1 Current Situation of School Resources in Beijing ......... 20
1.3.2 Schools of Special and Vocational Education ............. 21
1.3.3 Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of School
Resources ........................................... 21
1.3.4 Expenditure Structure: The Expenditure Structure
of Education Funds in Beijing’s General Public Budget .... 27
1.3.5 Policy Analysis of Educational Resource Allocation
in Beijing ........................................... 32
1.3.6 Suggestions of Transformation and Upgrading
to Enhance the Capacity to Serve the “Four Centers”
of the Capital ........................................ 37
References ..................................................... 39
2 Policy Analysis of the Allocation of Educational Resources
for Student Resource Optimization in Tianjin ..................... 41
2.1 General Education with Compulsory Education as the Focus
and Relatively Balanced Development ......................... 41
2.1.1 Government-Led, Deepening the “School
District-Oriented”—Taking Compulsory Education
as an Example ....................................... 43
2.1.2 “Five Education” Simultaneously, Develop Quality
Education in an All-Round Way ........................ 44
2.1.3 Vocational Education Student Resources: Government
Market Cooperation to Promote Stable Development ...... 45
2.2 Policy Analysis of Teacher Resource Allocation in Tianjin:
High School and Higher Education ............................ 47
2.2.1 The Purpose and Significance of the Optimization
of Teacher Resource Allocation ........................ 49
2.2.2 The Optimization of Teacher Resource Allocation
Provides Strong Talent and Intelligence Support
for the Economic Development of Tianjin ............... 49
2.2.3 The Optimization of Teacher Resource Allocation
is an Important Part of Teacher Management
in High-Level Colleges and Universities ................. 50
2.2.4 The Present Situation and Development Trend
of Teacher Resource Allocation in Tianjin ............... 50
2.2.5 The Present Situation and Development Trend
of Teacher Resource Allocation in Higher Education ...... 52
2.3 Policy Analysis of Teacher Resource Allocation in Tianjin ....... 53
2.4 Policy Analysis of Educational Resources Allocation
in Tianjin—School Resources Analysis ........................ 57
2.4.1 Current Situation and Layout Trend of Preschool
Education Resources ................................. 58
2.4.2 Conditions for Running Preschool Education Schools ..... 59
