Cooperative OFDM Underwater Acoustic Communications

116 Pages·2016·2.68 MB·English

by  Xilin Cheng

Wireless Networks
Xilin Cheng
Liuqing Yang
Xiang Cheng
Cooperative
OFDM
Underwater
Acoustic
Communications
Wireless Networks
SeriesEditor:
Xuemin(Sherman)Shen
UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ontario,Canada
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/14180

Xilin Cheng • Liuqing Yang (cid:129) Xiang Cheng
Cooperative OFDM
Underwater Acoustic
Communications
123
XilinCheng LiuqingYang
ElectricalandComputerEngineering ElectricalandComputerEngineering
ColoradoStateUniversity ColoradoStateUniversity
FortCollins,CO,USA FortCollins,CO,USA
XiangCheng
SchoolofElectronicsEngineering
PekingUniversity
Beijing,China
ISSN2366-1186 ISSN2366-1445 (electronic)
WirelessNetworks
ISBN978-3-319-33206-2 ISBN978-3-319-33207-9 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-33207-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016939985
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Preface
The Earth is a blue planet. Approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered
by ocean, which corresponds to an area of 361 million km2 and a volume of
1:3 billion km3. Most of this vastness is unexplored and remains a mystery. To
explore the intriguing world undersea, the need for robust and reliable underwater
wirelessnetworksisrapidlygrowing.Amongthevariousmeansofcommunications,
underwater acoustic communications (UAC) is widely considered as the most
feasible option at reasonable distances. The earliest UAC arises from the military
need. During World War II, UAC is used for communications among submarines,
andtheanalogsingle-sidebandsuppressed-carrieramplitudemodulationisadopted.
In the 1980s, the noncoherent frequency shift keying (FSK) digital modulation is
widelyused.However,FSKhasverylowdatarate.Inthe1990s,toachievehigher
datarate,UACresearchisgraduallyshiftedtothephase-coherentcommunications
with high receiver complexity to handle the large delay spread of underwater
acoustic (UWA) channels. Over the last decade, the advance of UAC includes the
implementationofthemultiple-inputandmultiple-output(MIMO)communications
which can improve the data rate and the reliability of UAC and orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) communications due to its low receiver
complexity, capability of inter-symbol interference (ISI) removal, and robustness
againstlargedelayspread.Thismonographfocusesonanotherpromisingtechnique
for the future UAC, namely, cooperative communications with the benefits of
improving the transmission reliability and distances. With OFDM adopted as the
physical layer transmission technique, many different aspects of cooperative UAC
are covered by this monograph such as power allocation, decomposed LT (DLT)
codesdesign,andpackettransmissionreliability.
Thechaptersofthismonographarerelativelyindependentwitheachother.The
readers can go directly to the chapter(s) of interest. The monograph starts with
the motivation and the literature review of cooperative OFDM UAC in Chap.1.
TheUWAchannelmodelingisintroducedinChap.2.Theadaptivesystemdesign
including optimal power allocation and distribution for the short-range relay-
aided(RA-)UACisstudiedinChap.3.Themedium-long-rangeasynchronousrelay
selection protocol is investigated in Chap.4. The energy-efficient hybrid (h-)DLT
v
vi Preface
codes design for RA-UAC is presented in Chap.5, and this chapter also includes
a statistical polynomial decomposition algorithm to facilitate the h-DLT codes
decomposition. The effective mirror-mapping-based ICI cancellation for OFDM
transmissioninRA-UACisprovidedinChap.6.
This monograph is designed for professionals and researchers in the field of
UAC. Advanced-level students in electrical engineering or computer science will
alsofindthismonographuseful.
WewouldliketothankDr.RuiCao,Dr.FengzhongQu,Dr.MiaowenWen,and
Dr. Dongliang Duan for their much help in the research. We also want to express
ourthankstoDr.MahmoodRAzimi-Sadjadi,Dr.J.RockeyLuo,andDr.Haonan
Wangfortheirvaluableinsightsandcomments.Finally,wewouldliketothankthe
continuedsupportfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.
FortCollins,CO,USA XilinCheng
FortCollins,CO,USA LiuqingYang
Beijing,China XiangCheng
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................. 1
1.1 UnderwaterAcousticCommunications
andItsChallenges....................................................... 1
1.2 CooperativeOFDMCommunicationsoverUWAChannels.......... 2
1.2.1 PowerAllocationofShort-RangeRA-UAC................... 3
1.2.2 PowerAllocationofMedium-Long-RangeRA-UAC ........ 5
1.2.3 DecomposedFountainCodesDesignforRA-UAC........... 6
1.2.4 ReliableOFDMTransmissioninRA-UAC ................... 8
1.3 OrganizationoftheMonograph........................................ 9
References..................................................................... 10
2 UnderwaterAcousticChannelModels .................................... 13
2.1 EmpiricalUWAChannelModel ....................................... 13
2.2 StatisticalTime-VaryingUWAChannelModel ....................... 14
2.3 RelationshipBetweenCoherenceTimeandTransmission
Distances ................................................................ 15
References..................................................................... 15
3 Short-RangeAdaptiveRA-UAC............................................ 17
3.1 SystemModel........................................................... 17
3.2 OptimalPowerAllocation.............................................. 19
3.3 ChannelPrediction...................................................... 24
3.3.1 ProblemStatement.............................................. 24
3.3.2 MSEAnalysis................................................... 25
3.3.3 PredictionAdvanceFactor ..................................... 27
3.3.4 RLSAlgorithm ................................................. 27
3.4 ChannelQuantization................................................... 28
3.5 PerformanceEvaluations ............................................... 28
3.5.1 CapacityAnalysisforEmpiricalUWAChannelModel ...... 29
3.5.2 CapacityAnalysisforStatisticalTime-Varying
UWAChannelModel........................................... 32
vii
viii Contents
3.6 Summary ................................................................ 37
References..................................................................... 38
4 Medium-Long-Range Asynchronous Relay Selection
ProtocolforRA-UAC........................................................ 39
4.1 AsAPProtocol .......................................................... 39
4.1.1 SourceTransmitting ............................................ 39
4.1.2 RelayAmplifyingandForwarding ............................ 41
4.1.3 DestinationDecoding........................................... 41
4.2 PowerAllocationBasedonStatisticalCSI ............................ 43
4.3 SR-AsAPProtocol...................................................... 47
4.3.1 ProtocolDescription............................................ 47
4.3.2 AsynchronousTransmissionDesign........................... 48
4.3.3 EfficiencyAnalysis............................................. 50
4.4 PerformanceEvaluations ............................................... 52
4.5 Summary ................................................................ 53
References..................................................................... 55
5 Energy-EfficientHybridDecomposedLTCodesforRA-UAC ......... 57
5.1 Background.............................................................. 57
5.1.1 LTCodes........................................................ 57
5.1.2 DLTCodes...................................................... 58
5.1.3 StochasticOptimizationMethods.............................. 59
5.2 NonnegativePolynomialDecompositionAlgorithm.................. 60
5.2.1 ProjectedGradientMethod..................................... 61
5.2.2 MultistartMethod............................................... 65
5.2.3 NonnegativePolynomialDecompositionResults............. 66
5.3 h-DLTCodes............................................................ 69
5.3.1 h-DLTICodes.................................................. 69
5.3.2 h-DLTIICodes ................................................. 70
5.3.3 DistributionDecompositionforh-DLTIICodes.............. 71
5.3.4 h-DLTIICodesPerformance .................................. 72
5.4 h-DLTIICodesAssistedCooperative
CommunicationsProtocol.............................................. 73
5.5 PerformanceEvaluations ............................................... 75
5.5.1 h-DLTCodesComparisonandChoice
ofStorageSchemes............................................. 75
5.5.2 EffectofModeRatio ........................................... 76
5.5.3 EffectofRelayNumber ........................................ 77
5.6 Summary ................................................................ 79
References..................................................................... 79
6 EffectiveICICancellationforOFDMTransmissioninRA-UAC ...... 81
6.1 PropertiesofICICoefficients .......................................... 81
6.2 ProposedICICancellationSchemes ................................... 83
6.2.1 ICISelf-CancellationwithMirror-Mapping .................. 83
6.2.2 ICITwo-PathCancellationwithMirror-Mapping............. 84
Contents ix
6.3 CIREvaluation.......................................................... 86
6.3.1 PlainOFDM .................................................... 86
6.3.2 MSR............................................................. 86
6.3.3 MCSR........................................................... 89
6.3.4 MCVT........................................................... 91
6.3.5 MCJT............................................................ 93
6.3.6 CIRComparison................................................ 95
6.4 SeaExperimentalResults............................................... 96
6.4.1 ExperimentalSettings .......................................... 98
6.4.2 TimeSynchronizationandResampling........................ 100
6.4.3 ChannelEstimation............................................. 100
6.4.4 ExperimentalResults........................................... 100
6.5 Summary ................................................................ 101
References..................................................................... 102
7 ConclusionsandFutureDirections ........................................ 103
7.1 Conclusions ............................................................. 103
7.2 FutureDirections........................................................ 104