Convective heat and mass transfer

548 Pages·2011·10.43 MB·English

by  Seyed Mostafa Ghiaasiaan

CONVECTIVE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
ThisbookwasdevelopedbyProfessorS.MostafaGhiaasiaanduring
10 years of teaching a graduate-level course on convection heat and
masstransfer.Thebookisidealforagraduatecoursedealingwiththe-
oryandpracticeofconvectionheatandmasstransfer.Thebooktreats
well-established theory and practice on the one hand; on the other
hand,itisenrichedbymodernareassuchasflowinmicrochannelsand
computationalfluiddynamics–baseddesignandanalysismethods.The
book is primarily concerned with convective heat transfer. Essentials
ofmasstransferarealsocovered.Themasstransfermaterialandprob-
lemsarepresentedsuchthattheycanbeeasilyskipped,shouldthatbe
preferred.Thebookisrichlyenhancedbyexercisesandend-of-chapter
problems. Solutions are available for qualified instructors. The book
includes17appendicesprovidingcompilationsofmostessentialprop-
erties and mathematical information for analysis of convective heat
andmasstransferprocesses.
ProfessorS.MostafaGhiaasiaanhasbeenamemberoftheWoodruff
SchoolofMechanicalEngineeringatGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology
since1991afterreceivingaPh.D.inThermalSciencefromtheUniver-
sityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,in1983andworkingintheaerospace
and nuclear power industry for eight years. His industrial research
anddevelopmentactivitywasonmodelingandsimulationoftransport
processes, multiphase flow, and nuclear reactor thermal hydraulics
andsafety.Hiscurrentresearchareasincludenuclearreactorthermal
hydraulics, particle transport, cryogenics and cryocoolers, and multi-
phase flow and change-of-phase heat transfer in microchannels. He
has more than 150 academic publications, including 90 journal arti-
cles, on transport phenomena and multiphase flow. Among the hon-
orshehasreceivedforhispublicationsaretheChemicalEngineering
Science’sMostCitedPaperfor2003–2006Award,theNationalHeat
TransferConferenceBestPaperAward(1999),andtheScienceAppli-
cationsInternationalCorporationBestPaperAward(1990and1988).
HehasbeenamemberofAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers
(ASME) and the American Nuclear Society for more than 20 years
and was elected an ASME Fellow in 2004. Currently he is the Exec-
utive Editor of Annals of Nuclear Energy for Asia, Africa, and Aus-
tralia.ThisishissecondbookwithCambridgeUniversityPress—the
firstwasTwo-PhaseFlow,Boiling,andCondensation,InConventional
andMiniatureSystems(2007).

Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan
GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology
cambridgeuniversitypress
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,
Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107003507
(cid:2)c S.MostafaGhiaasiaan2011
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2011
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
Ghiaasiaan,SeyedMostafa,1953–
Convectiveheatandmasstransfer/MostafaGhiaasiaan.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-107-00350-7(hardback)
1.Heat–Convection. I.Title.
QC327.G48 2011
536(cid:3).25–dc22 2011001977
ISBN978-1-107-00350-7Hardback
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TomywifePariFatemehShafiei,andmysonSaam

CONTENTS
Preface pagexv
FrequentlyUsedNotation xvii
1 ThermophysicalandTransportFundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 ConservationPrinciples 1
1.1.1 LagrangianandEulerianFrames 1
1.1.2 MassConservation 2
1.1.3 ConservationofMomentum 3
1.1.4 ConservationofEnergy 6
1.2 MulticomponentMixtures 11
1.2.1 BasicDefinitionsandRelations 11
1.2.2 ThermodynamicProperties 15
1.3 FundamentalsofDiffusiveMassTransfer 17
1.3.1 SpeciesMassConservation 17
1.3.2 DiffusiveMassFluxandFick’sLaw 18
1.3.3 SpeciesMassConservationWhenFick’sLawApplies 19
1.3.4 OtherTypesofDiffusion 20
1.3.5 DiffusioninMulticomponentMixtures 20
1.4 BoundaryandInterfacialConditions 22
1.4.1 GeneralDiscussion 22
1.4.2 Gas–LiquidInterphase 24
1.4.3 InterfacialTemperature 24
1.4.4 SparinglySolubleGases 27
1.4.5 ConventionforThermalandMassTransferBoundary
Conditions 30
1.5 TransportProperties 31
1.5.1 MixtureRules 31
1.5.2 TransportPropertiesofGasesandtheGas-KineticTheory 32
1.5.3 DiffusionofMassinLiquids 37
1.6 TheContinuumFlowRegimeandSizeConventionforFlow
Passages 38
Problems 39
vii
viii Contents
2 BoundaryLayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.1 BoundaryLayeronaFlatPlate 44
2.2 LaminarBoundary-LayerConservationEquations 48
2.3 LaminarBoundary-LayerThicknesses 51
2.4 Boundary-LayerSeparation 53
2.5 NondimensionalizationofConservationEquationsand
Similitude 54
Problems 58
3 ExternalLaminarFlow:SimilaritySolutionsforForcedLaminar
BoundaryLayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.1 HydrodynamicsofFlowParalleltoaFlatPlate 61
3.2 HeatandMassTransferDuringLow-VelocityLaminarFlow
ParalleltoaFlatPlate 65
3.3 HeatTransferDuringLaminarParallelFlowOveraFlatPlate
WithViscousDissipation 71
3.4 HydrodynamicsofLaminarFlowPastaWedge 73
3.5 HeatTransferDuringLaminarFlowPastaWedge 78
3.6 EffectsofCompressibilityandPropertyVariations 80
Problems 85
4 InternalLaminarFlow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.1 CouetteandPoiseuilleFlows 90
4.2 TheDevelopmentofVelocity,Temperature,andConcentration
Profiles 94
4.2.1 TheDevelopmentofBoundaryLayers 94
4.2.2 HydrodynamicParametersofDevelopingFlow 97
4.2.3 TheDevelopmentofTemperatureandConcentration
Profiles 100
4.3 HydrodynamicsofFullyDevelopedFlow 103
4.4 FullyDevelopedHydrodynamicsandDevelopedTemperatureor
ConcentrationDistributions 107
4.4.1 CircularTube 107
4.4.2 FlatChannel 110
4.4.3 RectangularChannel 113
4.4.4 TriangularChannel 113
4.4.5 ConcentricAnnularDuct 114
4.5 FullyDevelopedHydrodynamics,ThermalorConcentration
EntranceRegions 117
4.5.1 CircularDuctWithUniformWallTemperatureBoundary
Conditions 117
4.5.2 CircularDuctWithArbitraryWallTemperature
DistributionintheAxialDirection 124
4.5.3 CircularDuctWithUniformWallHeatFlux 126
4.5.4 CircularDuctWithArbitraryWallHeatFluxDistribution
intheAxialCoordinate 129
Contents ix
4.5.5 FlatChannelWithUniformHeatFluxBoundary
Conditions 130
4.5.6 FlatChannelWithUniformWallTemperatureBoundary
Conditions 132
4.5.7 RectangularChannel 135
4.6 CombinedEntranceRegion 135
4.7 EffectofFluidPropertyVariations 137
Appendix4A:TheSturm–LiouvilleBoundary-ValueProblems 141
Problems 141
5 IntegralMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.1 IntegralMomentumEquations 151
5.2 SolutionstotheIntegralMomentumEquation 153
5.2.1 LaminarFlowofanIncompressibleFluidParalleltoaFlat
PlateWithoutWallInjection 153
5.2.2 TurbulentFlowofanIncompressibleFluidParalleltoa
FlatPlateWithoutWallInjection 156
5.2.3 TurbulentFlowofanIncompressibleFluidOveraBodyof
Revolution 158
5.3 EnergyIntegralEquation 159
5.4 SolutionstotheEnergyIntegralEquation 161
5.4.1 ParallelFlowPastaFlatSurface 161
5.4.2 ParallelFlowPastaFlatSurfaceWithanAdiabatic
Segment 163
5.4.3 ParallelFlowPastaFlatSurfaceWithArbitraryWall
SurfaceTemperatureorHeatFlux 165
5.5 ApproximateSolutionsforFlowOverAxisymmetricBodies 167
Problems 173
6 FundamentalsofTurbulenceandExternalTurbulentFlow . . . . . . . . 177
6.1 Laminar–TurbulentTransitionandthePhenomenologyof
Turbulence 177
6.2 FluctuationsandTime(Ensemble)Averaging 180
6.3 ReynoldsAveragingofConservationEquations 181
6.4 EddyViscosityandEddyDiffusivity 183
6.5 UniversalVelocityProfiles 185
6.6 TheMixing-LengthHypothesisandEddyDiffusivityModels 188
6.7 TemperatureandConcentrationLawsoftheWall 192
6.8 KolmogorovTheoryoftheSmallTurbulenceScales 196
6.9 FlowPastBluntBodies 200
Problems 205
7 InternalTurbulentFlow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.1 GeneralRemarks 208
7.2 HydrodynamicsofTurbulentDuctFlow 211
7.2.1 CircularDuct 211
7.2.2 NoncircularDucts 217
x Contents
7.3 HeatTransfer:FullyDevelopedFlow 218
7.3.1 UniversalTemperatureProfileinaCircularDuct 218
7.3.2 ApplicationofEddyDiffusivityModelsforCircularDucts 221
7.3.3 NoncircularDucts 224
7.4 HeatTransfer:FullyDevelopedHydrodynamics,Thermal
EntranceRegion 224
7.4.1 CircularDuctWithUniformWallTemperatureor
Concentration 224
7.4.2 CircularDuctWithUniformWallHeatFlux 226
7.4.3 SomeUsefulCorrelationsforCircularDucts 229
7.4.4 NoncircularDucts 231
7.5 CombinedEntranceRegion 231
Problems 238
8 EffectofTranspirationonFriction,Heat,andMassTransfer . . . . . . .243
8.1 CouetteFlowFilmModel 243
8.2 Gas–LiquidInterphase 248
Problems 256
9 AnalogyAmongMomentum,Heat,andMassTransfer . . . . . . . . . . . 258
9.1 GeneralRemarks 258
9.2 ReynoldsAnalogy 259
9.3 Prandtl–TaylorAnalogy 261
9.4 VonKarmanAnalogy 263
9.5 TheMartinelliAnalogy 265
9.6 TheAnalogyofYuetal. 265
9.7 Chilton–ColburnAnalogy 267
Problems 272
10 NaturalConvection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
10.1 Natural-ConvectionBoundaryLayersonFlatSurfaces 275
10.2 Phenomenology 278
10.3 ScalingAnalysisofLaminarBoundaryLayers 280
10.4 SimilaritySolutionsforaSemi-InfiniteVerticalSurface 285
10.5 IntegralAnalysis 289
10.6 SomeWidelyUsedEmpiricalCorrelationsforFlatVertical
Surfaces 294
10.7 NaturalConvectiononHorizontalFlatSurfaces 295
10.8 NaturalConvectiononInclinedSurfaces 297
10.9 NaturalConvectiononSubmergedBodies 298
10.10 NaturalConvectioninVerticalFlowPassages 300
10.11 NaturalConvectioninEnclosures 304
10.12 NaturalConvectioninaTwo-DimensionalRectangleWith
HeatedVerticalSides 305
10.13 NaturalConvectioninHorizontalRectangles 307
10.14 NaturalConvectioninInclinedRectangularEnclosures 309