Controlling Airport-Related Air Pollution - nescaum

199 Pages·2015·2.02 MB·English

Controlling Airport-Related Air
Pollution
Prepared by
Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management
and
Center for Clean Air Policy
June 2003
Members of Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management
Anne Gobin, Acting Bureau Chief
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air Management
James P. Brooks, Bureau Director
Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air Quality
Barbara Kwetz, Deputy Director of Air Programs
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Waste Prevention
Robert Scott, Acting Director
New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Air Resources Division
William O’Sullivan, Administrator
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Air Quality Management
David Shaw, Acting Director
New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Air Resources
Stephen Majkut, Chief
Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Office of Air Resources
Richard A. Valentinetti, Director
Vermont Department of Environemnetal Conservation, Air Pollution Control Division
Kenneth A. Colburn, Executive Director
Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management
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Center for Clean Air Policy Board Members
Governor Tony Earl*
Quarles & Brady
Chairman
Commissioner Robert C. Shinn, Jr.*
S2 Concepts
Vice-Chair
Ned Helme
Center for Clean Air Policy
Executive Director
Commissioner Bradley Campbell Senator Gaylord Nelson**
NJ Department of Environmental Protection The Wilderness Society
Frank Cassidy Secretary Mary D. Nichols
PSEG Power The Resources Agency of California
E. Donald Elliot D. Louis Peoples
Paul Hastings/Yale Law School
David Hawkins, Senior Attorney William Rosenberg, President
Natural Resources Defense Council E3 Ventures
Dr. Mark Levine Ron Russell
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Russell & Russell, PC
Jim Maddy,* President Conrad Schneider
National Park Foundation Clean Air Task Force
Andy T. Mangan, Executive Director Ron Sims, Excutive
Applied Sustainability King County Government
Dr. Bert Menz Victoria J. Tschinkel*
Netherlands National Institute of Public Landers and Parsons
Health and the Environment
* Executive Committee members
** Member Emeritus
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Controlling Airport-Related Air Pollution
Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management
(NESCAUM)
and
Center for Clean Air Policy
(CCAP)
Coralie Cooper (NESCAUM)
Dave Park (NESCAUM)
Jake Schmidt (CCAP)
Ingrid Ulbrich (NESCAUM)
Steve Winkelman (CCAP)
Editors
Robert Ghisolfi (CCAP)
Arthur Marin (NESCAUM)
Marika Tatsutani (NESCAUM)
Ingrid Ulbrich (NESCAUM)
Leah Weiss (NESCAUM)
June 2003
Acknowledgments
NESCAUM gratefully acknowledges the funding support provided by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency.
CCAP would like to thank the following organizations whose financial contributions have
made this report possible: the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the German
Marshal Fund-U.S.
This report was a joint effort between staff at NESCAUM and CCAP. NESCAUM is an
association of the eight northeast state air pollution control programs. NESCAUM provides
technical guidance and policy advice to its member states. The Center for Clean Air Policy seeks to
promote and implement innovative solutions to major environmental and energy problems. Through
efforts at the state, federal, and international levels, the Center emphasizes the need for cost-
effective, pragmatic, and comprehensive long-term solutions.
NESCAUM and CCAP would like to acknowledge the contributions provided by several
individuals who were not listed as authors. Dan Meszler (EEA) developed the emissions models for
aircraft and GSE and provided input for the control measures chapter. Kenneth Resnik, Esq. drafted
a memo that served as the basis for much of the discussion in Chapter 5. Lindsay Kiefer, an intern
with the Center, assisted in the research on many portions of this report.
The draft version of this report was sent to a wide list of peer reviewers, including federal
agencies (such as EPA, FAA, and NASA), numerous State and Local governments, industry
representatives (engine manufacturers, airline organizations, and airport operators), technical
consultants, and environmental organizations. NESCAUM and CCAP also thank the following
individuals for providing comments on the draft report:
Frederick Civian, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
Carolyn Cunningham, National Resources Defense Council
Betty Derosiers, Massport
Tim Johnson, Aviation Environment Federation
Brian Hug, Maryland Department of the Environment
Tonalee Key, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
Jim Lerner, California Air Resources Board
Bryan Manning, US EPA
Kevin McGarry, New York Department of Environmental Conservation
Beatrice Schell, European Federation for Transportation and Environment (T&E)
David Stonefield, US EPA
Chris Trostle, Pennsylvania Bureau of Air Quality
Ian Waitz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Sandy Webb, The Environmental Consulting Group, LLC
Chowen Wey, US NASA
Art Williams, Jefferson County (KY) Air Pollution Control District
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments...............................................................................................................................vi
Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................ES-1
I. Introduction.................................................................................................................................I-1
A. Overview.................................................................................................................................I-1
B. Study Design and Goals..........................................................................................................I-6
C. Impact of Airport-Related Emissions on Public Health and the Environment.......................I-6
C.1 Sources, Levels and Trends in Airport Emissions..............................................................I-6
C.2 Public Health Impacts.......................................................................................................I-10
C.3 Environmental Impacts.....................................................................................................I-11
II. Emission Inventories for Three Northeast Airports...................................................................II-1
A. Overview................................................................................................................................II-1
A.1 Characteristics of the Airports of Study............................................................................II-2
B. Aircraft Emissions.................................................................................................................II-5
B.1 Methodology......................................................................................................................II-7
B.2 Aircraft Emission Results................................................................................................II-11
B.3 Discussion........................................................................................................................II-18
C. Auxiliary Power Unit Inventory and Method......................................................................II-20
C.1 Methodology....................................................................................................................II-21
C.2 Results.............................................................................................................................II-21
C.3 Discussion........................................................................................................................II-22
D. Ground Service Equipment (GSE) Inventory and Method..................................................II-23
D.1 Background......................................................................................................................II-23
D.2 GSE Emissions Inventory Model....................................................................................II-24
D.3 Emission Modeling Results.............................................................................................II-32
E. Conclusions.........................................................................................................................II-37
III. Technical and Operational Measures for Reducing Airport Emissions..................................III-1
A. Introduction..........................................................................................................................III-1
B. Options for Reducing Aircraft Emissions............................................................................III-1
B.1 Technology Options.........................................................................................................III-1
B.2 Operational Options.........................................................................................................III-7
C. Options for Reducing Ground Support Equipment (GSE) Emissions...............................III-12
C.1 Technology Options for Reducing GSE Emissions......................................................III-12
D. Options for Reducing Emissions from Ground Access Vehicles (GAV)..........................III-22
D.1 Technology Options.......................................................................................................III-22
D.2 Operational Options.......................................................................................................III-24
E. Replacing Short-Haul Air Travel with Rail Service..........................................................III-26
E.1 Amtrak/Acela Express Train Service in the Northeast U.S...........................................III-26
E.2 Germany........................................................................................................................III-27
E.3 France............................................................................................................................III-27
F. Conclusions.......................................................................................................................III-28
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IV. Policy Strategies for Reducing Airport Emissions..................................................................IV-1
A. Overview..............................................................................................................................IV-1
B. Policy Options.....................................................................................................................IV-1
B.1 Emissions Standards........................................................................................................IV-1
B.2 Activity Limits.................................................................................................................IV-5
B.3 Cap-and-Trade or “Bubble” Programs............................................................................IV-5
B.4 Fee-Based Programs........................................................................................................IV-8
B.5 Innovative Regulatory Strategies for Reducing GSE and GAV Fleet Emissions.........IV-10
B.6 High-Speed Rail Service................................................................................................IV-11
B.7 Reduced Passenger Private Vehicle Trips to and from the Airport...............................IV-12
C. Case Studies.......................................................................................................................IV-13
C.1 Logan International Airport: Voluntary Emissions Limit.............................................IV-14
C.2 Dallas/Ft. Worth and Houston Airports: GSE Voluntary Agreement...........................IV-16
C.3 California South Coast: Program to Reduce Aviation Emissions.................................IV-18
C.4 Sacramento International Airport: Targeted efforts at various airport sources.............IV-19
C.5 Switzerland: engine emissions charge and airport emissions goal................................IV-21
C.6 Sweden: engine emissions charge.................................................................................IV-24
V. Statutory and Regulatory Opportunities and Constraints.........................................................V-1
A. Overview...............................................................................................................................V-1
B. Statutory and Regulatory Policies Surrounding State Action...............................................V-1
B.1 International Law..............................................................................................................V-1
B.2 U.S. Law...........................................................................................................................V-5
C. Opportunities for State Actions..........................................................................................V-10
C.1 Brief Review of Preemption Doctrine............................................................................V-11
C.2 State Regulation of Ground-Level Operation of Aircraft...............................................V-11
C.3 Regulations on the Number of Operations at Airports...................................................V-16
C.4 Limiting Flight Procedures.............................................................................................V-16
C.5 Controls on Types of Planes Using the Airport..............................................................V-16
C.6 State Petition...................................................................................................................V-17
C.7 State Limits on Emissions from Ground Support Equipment (GSE).............................V-17
C.8 Regulation of Ground Access Vehicles..........................................................................V-20
C.9 Landing Fees...................................................................................................................V-21
C.10 Regulation of “Airport Bubbles”...............................................................................V-25
C.11 Other Opportunities for State Involvement................................................................V-26
D. Summary.............................................................................................................................V-27
D.1 Aircraft............................................................................................................................V-27
D.2 Ground Service Equipment.............................................................................................V-27
D.3 Ground Access Vehicles.................................................................................................V-28
D.4 Emissions-based Fees.....................................................................................................V-28
D.5 Airport “Bubbles”...........................................................................................................V-28
VI. Conclusions.............................................................................................................................VI-1
A. Overview..............................................................................................................................VI-1
B. Emission Inventories...........................................................................................................VI-1
C. Technical and Operational Control Measures.....................................................................VI-2
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