Table Of ContentBrian Davis Kaarel Kaljurand
Tobias Kuhn (Eds.)
Controlled
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2
6
8
I Natural Language
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4th International Workshop, CNL 2014
Galway, Ireland, August 20–22, 2014
Proceedings
123
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 8625
Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science
LNAISeriesEditors
RandyGoebel
UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Canada
YuzuruTanaka
HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan
WolfgangWahlster
DFKIandSaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany
LNAIFoundingSeriesEditor
JoergSiekmann
DFKIandSaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany
Brian Davis Kaarel Kaljurand
Tobias Kuhn (Eds.)
Controlled
Natural Language
4th International Workshop, CNL 2014
Galway, Ireland, August 20-22, 2014
Proceedings
1 3
VolumeEditors
BrianDavis
NationalUniversityofIreland
Galway,Ireland
E-mail:[email protected]
KaarelKaljurand
UniversityofZurich,Switzerland
E-mail:[email protected]
TobiasKuhn
ETHZurich,Switzerland
E-mail:[email protected]
ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349
ISBN978-3-319-10222-1 e-ISBN978-3-319-10223-8
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-10223-8
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014945825
LNCSSublibrary:SL7–ArtificialIntelligence
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Preface
CNL 2014 was the fourth workshop on controlled natural language, which has
been established within the last years as a series of biennial events bringing to-
getheradiverseandmulti-disciplinarycommunity.Thisyear’seventwashosted
by Insight (formerly DERI) at the National University of Ireland in Galway.
We emphasize the workshop’s inclusive and broad scope embracing all ap-
proaches that are based on natural language but apply restrictions on vocabu-
lary, grammar, and/or semantics. We explicitly invited contributions from dif-
ferent branches and communities, including what has been called simplified
language, plain language, formalized language, processable language, fragments
oflanguage,phraseologies,conceptualauthoring,languagegeneration,andguided
natural language interfaces.
We received 26 submissions, each of which was evaluated by at least two
reviewers — if both turned out to be positive — or at least three reviewers
otherwise. Submissions with a positive average score were accepted; those with
anegativeonewererejected.Forpaperswithbothpositiveandnegativereviews,
wemade suretoonly acceptpapersafterthey hadreceivedatleasttwopositive
reviews and to only reject papers that had at least two negative reviews. This
procedure led to the acceptance of 17 submissions, i.e., the acceptance rate was
65%.Inaddition,theseproceedingsincludeaninvitedpaperbyAarneRantaon
“Embedded Controlled Languages.”
Wewouldliketothankthe authorsfortheirsubmissions,theProgramCom-
mittee members for their reviews and discussions, and the invited speakers for
agreeing to present their work at the workshop. We also thank our host and
sponsor Insight1 at the National University of Ireland, and our sponsors Digital
Grammars2 and Eurosentiment3.
June 2014 Brian Davis
Kaarel Kaljurand
Tobias Kuhn
1 http://insight-centre.org/
2 http://www.digitalgrammars.com/
3 http://eurosentiment.eu/
Organization
Program Committee
Krasimir Angelov Chalmers University, Sweden
Johan Bos University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Paul Buitelaar National University of Ireland
Olga Caprotti University of Helsinki, Sweden
Eugene Creswick Galois, USA
Danica Damljanovic University of Sheffield, UK
Brian Davis National University of Ireland
Ronald Denaux iSOCO, Spain
Vania Dimitrova University of Leeds, UK
Ramona Enache Charlmers University, Sweden
Esra Erdem Sabanci University, Turkey
S´ebastien Ferr´e Universit´e de Rennes 1, France
Norbert E. Fuchs University of Zurich, Switzerland
Normunds Gruzitis University of Latvia
Siegfried Handschuh National University of Ireland
Stefan H¨ofler University of Zurich, Switzerland
Kaarel Kaljurand University of Zurich, Switzerland
Peter Koepke University of Bonn, Germany
Tobias Kuhn ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Hans Leiß University of Munich, Germany
Reinhard Muskens Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Adegboyega Ojo National University of Ireland
Gordon Pace University of Malta
Richard Power Open University
Laurette Pretorius University of South Africa
Stephen Pulman Oxford University, UK
Allan Ramsay University of Manchester, UK
Aarne Ranta University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Mike Rosner University of Malta
Uta Schwertel IMC Information Multimedia Communication
AG
Rolf Schwitter Macquarie University, Australia
Silvie Spreeuwenberg LibRT, Netherlands
Geoff Sutcliffe University of Miami, USA
Irina Temnikova Qatar Computing Research Institute
Allan Third The Open University, UK
Camilo Thorne Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
VIII Organization
Jeroen Van Grondelle HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht,
The Netherlands
Yorick Wilks University of Sheffield, UK
Adam Wyner University of Aberdeen, UK
Additional Reviewers
Abdelaal, Hazem
Arcan, Mihael Unger, Christina
Table of Contents
Embedded Controlled Languages................................... 1
Aarne Ranta
Controlled Natural Language Processing as Answer Set Programming:
An Experiment .................................................. 8
Rolf Schwitter
How Easy Is It to Learn a Controlled Natural Language for Building a
Knowledge Base? ................................................ 20
Sandra Williams, Richard Power, and Allan Third
Linguistic Analysis of Requirements of a Space Project and their
Conformity with the Recommendations Proposed by a Controlled
Natural Language................................................ 33
Anne Condamines and Maxime Warnier
Evaluating the Fully Automatic Multi-language Translation of the
Swiss Avalanche Bulletin.......................................... 44
Kurt Winkler, Tobias Kuhn, and Martin Volk
Towards an Error Correction Memory to Enhance Technical Texts
Authoring in LELIE.............................................. 55
Juyeon Kang and Patrick Saint-Dizier
RuleCNL: A Controlled Natural Language for Business Rule
Specifications.................................................... 66
Paul Brillant Feuto Njonko, Sylviane Cardey, Peter Greenfield, and
Walid El Abed
Toward Verbalizing Ontologies in isiZulu............................ 78
C. Maria Keet and Langa Khumalo
FrameNet CNL: A Knowledge Representation and Information
Extraction Language ............................................. 90
Guntis Barzdins
INAUT, a Controlled Language for the French Coast Pilot Books
Instructions nautiques ............................................ 102
Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes
Are Style Guides Controlled Languages? The Case of Koenig & Bauer
AG ............................................................ 112
Karolina Suchowolec
Lexpresso: A Controlled Natural Language .......................... 123
Adam Saulwick
X Table of Contents
A CNL for Contract-OrientedDiagrams ............................ 135
John J. Camilleri, Gabriele Paganelli, and Gerardo Schneider
Handling Non-compositionality in Multilingual CNLs................. 147
Ramona Enache, Inari Listenmaa, and Prasanth Kolachina
Controlled Natural Language Generation from a Multilingual
FrameNet-Based Grammar........................................ 155
Dana Dann´ells and Normunds Gruzitis
Architecture of a Web-Based Predictive Editor for Controlled Natural
Language Processing ............................................. 167
Stephen Guy and Rolf Schwitter
Explaining Violation Traces with Finite State Natural Language
Generation Models ............................................... 179
Gordon J. Pace and Michael Rosner
A Brief State of the Art of CNLs for Ontology Authoring ............. 190
Hazem Safwat and Brian Davis
Author Index.................................................. 201
Embedded Controlled Languages
AarneRanta
DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering
ChalmersUniversityofTechnologyandUniversityofGothenburg
Abstract. Inspired by embedded programming languages, an embedded CNL
(controllednaturallanguage) isaproperfragmentofanentirenaturallanguage
(itshost language), but ithasaparser thatrecognizes theentirehost language.
Thismakesitpossibletoprocessout-of-CNLinputandgiveusefulfeedbackto
users,insteadofjustreportingsyntaxerrors.Thisextendedabstractexplainsthe
main concepts of embedded CNLimplementation inGF (Grammatical Frame-
work),withexamplesfrommachinetranslationandsomeotherongoingwork.
Keywords: controlledlanguage,domain-specificlanguage,embeddedlanguage,
GrammaticalFramework,machinetranslation.
1 Introduction
Acontrollednaturallanguage(CNL)isastrictlydefinedfragmentofanaturallanguage
[1]. As fragments of natural languages, CNLs are analogous to embedded domain-
specific languages, which are fragments of general purpose programming languages
[2]. Such languages have been introduced as an alternative to traditional domain-
specific languages (DSL), which have their own syntax and semantics, and require
therefore a specific learning effort. An embedded DSL is a part of a general-purpose
programminglanguage,thehostlanguage,andisthereforereadilyusablebyprogram-
merswhoalreadyknowthehostlanguage.Atitssimplest,an embeddedDSLislittle
morethanalibraryinthehostlanguage.Usingthelibraryhelpsprogrammerstowrite
compact,efficient,andcorrectcodeinthe intendeddomain.Butwheneverthelibrary
doesnotprovideallfunctionalitieswanted,theprogrammercanleaveitsstraight-jacket
andusethehostlanguagedirectly,ofcourseatherownrisk.
Embedding a language fragment in the full language presupposes that a grammar
ofthe fulllanguageisavailable.In the case ofnaturallanguages,thisis byno means
a trivial matter. On the contrary,it is widely acknowledgedthat “all grammarsleak”,
whichmeansthatanyformalgrammardefininganaturallanguageisboundtobeeither
incompleteorovergenerating.Asaconsequence,definingCNLsformallyassubsetsof
naturallanguageslooksproblematic.
However, if a grammar of the host language exists, then it is useful to define the
CNL as an embedded language. It enables us to build systems that provide, at the
sametime,therigourofcontrolledlanguagesandthecomfortofgracefuldegradation.
Theuserofthesystemcanbeguidedtostayinsidethecontrolledlanguage,butshewill
alsobeunderstood,atleasttosomeextent,ifshegoesoutsideit.
In this extendedabstract, we will outline some recent work on building controlled
languages in the embedded fashion. Our focus will be on multilingual systems,
B.Davisetal.(Eds.):CNL2014,LNAI8625,pp.1–7,2014.
(cid:2)c SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
