Table Of ContentViktor I. Rabchuk
Sergey M. Senderov
Sergey V. Vorobev
Control of Operation
Modes of Gas
Consumers in
the Event of Gas
Supply Disruptions
Control of Operation Modes of Gas Consumers
in the Event of Gas Supply Disruptions
· ·
Viktor I. Rabchuk Sergey M. Senderov
Sergey V. Vorobev
Control of Operation Modes
of Gas Consumers
in the Event of Gas Supply
Disruptions
ViktorI.Rabchuk SergeyM.Senderov
MelentievEnergySystemsInstitute MelentievEnergySystemsInstitute
Irkutsk,Russia Irkutsk,Russia
SergeyV.Vorobev
MelentievEnergySystemsInstitute
Irkutsk,Russia
Translatedby
SvetlanaV.Steklova
Irkutsk,Russia
ISBN978-3-030-59730-6 ISBN978-3-030-59731-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59731-3
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Preface
Thisresearchmonographaddressestheissuesofcontroloftheoperationofnatural
gas consumers in the industrial sector, the electric power industry, and the public
utilities sector under conditions of reduced, stopped, and restored gas deliveries.
Emphasis is put on the algorithm of the transition of gas consumers from normal
to emergency operation and the algorithm of recovering normal operation after an
emergencyinthegassupplysystemisterminated.
Theauthorsbelievethatthebookmightproveusefulforundergraduatesmajoring
inenergy-relateddisciplines,researchers,thepersonnelinvolvedintheprovisionof
housingandcommunityamenitiesaswellasthoseworkinginenergyindustriesand
employedbyindustrialenterprises,whereenergyconsumptionmixincludesnatural
gas.
TheresearchwascarriedoutunderStateAssignment,ProjectIII.17.5.1(reg.no.
AAAA-A17-117030310451-0)oftheFundamentalResearchofSiberianBranchof
theRussianAcademyofSciences.
Irkutsk,Russia ViktorI.Rabchuk
SergeyM.Senderov
SergeyV.Vorobev
v
Introduction
In the event of large-scale emergencies in the national gas supply systems (NGS),
when the capacity to supply natural gas to its consumers sharply and rapidly
decreases,theproblemofenforcinghardcapsondeliveriestosuchconsumersarises.
Moreover, enforcing such caps should be rigorously grounded. This should take
intoaccount,firstofall,theconsumer’srequirementswithrespecttotheminimum
demandedgasdeliveriestotheminthefirsthoursaftertheonsetofanemergencyso
astopreventtheemergencyshutdownofthegasconsumerwithsubsequentsevere
economicandsocialdamage.
The present study covers the control of operation modes of some of the most
importantgasconsumersintheindustrialsector,alltypesofgasconsumersinthe
electric power industry and public utilities sector under conditions of a reduction,
cessation,andrestorationofgasdeliveriesintheeventoflarge-scaledisruptionsin
theoperationofgassupplysystems.Withinthescopeoftheissuescoveredbythe
study
(cid:129)
wedefinetheprinciplesofassessingthedegreeofmeetingthedemandforunin-
terrupted gas supply under emergency conditions in gas supply systems for the
abovegasconsumers;
(cid:129)
wedivideallconsideredgasconsumersintohomogeneousgroups(soastomake
allgasconsumersassignedtoacertaingroupsharethetypeofproductsproduced
orworkperformed,operationandprocessspecifics,andthedegreeofimportance
ofsupplyingthemwithgasduringanemergency);
(cid:129)
weidentifykeyoperationandprocessspecificsofeachconsideredhomogeneous
groupofgasconsumers,includingthespecificsoftransferringprocessesthatuse
natural gas at the facilities of each such group from rated gas consumption to
minimumgasconsumptionwiththesubsequentfail-safeshutdown;
–weestimaterequiredgasvolumesandtheperiodoftimerequiredtoresume
full-on production by the gas-consuming facilities under consideration (i.e.
afterrecoveringtheirnormaloperation)upontheterminationofanemergency.
Asaresult,foreachconsideredhomogeneousgroupofgasconsumers,theproce-
dure(algorithm)oftherationaltransitionfromoperatingundernormalgassupply
vii
viii Introduction
tooperatingunderemergencygassupply(orthetransitiontothecompletefail-safe
shutdownofthegasconsumeroperation)ispresented,alongwiththealgorithmof
recoveringthenormalmodeofgassupplyforthegivengasconsumerafteranemer-
gencyinthegassupplysystemisterminated.Inthissituation,boththealgorithmof
thetransitionfromnormaltoemergencyoperationandthealgorithmofrecovering
normaloperationboildowntohourlyschedulesofrequiredvolumesofgassupply
to the given gas consumer (in the former case, from the onset of the disruption of
gas supply until reaching stable emergency mode operation or until the complete
cessation of gas supply; in the latter case, i.e., the recovery of normal operation,
starting from the termination of an emergency to the complete recovery of such
normaloperation).
ThisbookwaswrittenbytheauthorsaffiliatedwiththeMelentievEnergySystems
InstituteoftheSiberianBranchoftheRussianAcademyofSciences(SEISBRAS).
The research findings presented in this study can be used to substantiate the
restrictionsongassupplytoadministrative-territorialentitiesandentireregionsof
countriesforthedurationoflarge-scaleemergenciesintheNSG,whenthestructure
ofgasconsumersintheseentities,thekeyoperationandprocessspecificsofthese
gas consumers, and the degree of importance of uninterrupted gas supply to gas
consumersincaseofgassupplydisruptionsaretobetakenintoaccount.
Contents
1 IssuesRelatedtotheControloftheOperationofVariousGas
ConsumersintheEventofTheirGasSupplyDisruptions ........... 1
1.1 TheEssenceoftheStudyandItsProblemStatement .............. 1
1.2 The Procedure for the Study of Main Patterns of Changes
intheStateofGasConsumers intheEventofGasSupply
Disruptions ................................................. 8
2 ControlofOperationModesofGasConsumersintheIndustrial
SectorintheEventofTheirGasSupplyDisruptions ................ 11
2.1 IronandSteelIndustry ....................................... 12
2.1.1 MainElements(Facilities)oftheIronandSteelIndustry
thatConsumeNaturalGasandSpecificRequirements
forTheirGasSupplyDuringEmergencies ................ 12
2.1.2 SpecialAspectsofTransferringFerrousMetallurgy
Gas Consumers from the Rated Gas Supply Mode
totheMinimumSupplyModeandTheirSubsequent
FailsafeShutdown .................................... 15
2.1.3 AlgorithmsoftheRationalTransitionoftheIntegrated
Steel Mill from Operating in the Normal Mode
to Operating in a Non-standard Mode and Back
totheNormalMode ................................... 20
2.2 TheNon-ferrousSmeltingIndustry ............................ 25
2.2.1 The Companies Under Consideration Are Gas
ConsumersoftheNon-ferrousSmeltingIndustry .......... 25
2.2.2 AluminumIndustryEnterprises ......................... 27
2.2.3 CopperSmelters ...................................... 30
2.2.4 Lead,Zinc,andNickelSmelters ......................... 32
2.2.5 TitaniumandMagnesiumSmelters ...................... 34
2.3 Production of Construction Materials (as Illustrated
bytheCementPlant) ......................................... 35
2.4 TheEnterprisethatUsesNaturalGasasaFeedstock(theCase
StudyofMethanolandAmmoniaProduction) ................... 37
ix
x Contents
3 Control of Operation Modes of Gas-Consuming Facilities
intheElectricPowerIndustryUnderConditionsofaReduction,
Termination,andRestorationofGasSupplies ...................... 41
3.1 HomogeneousGroupsofGasConsumersintheElectricPower
Industry .................................................... 41
3.2 SpecialAspectsoftheBehaviorofElectricPowerIndustry
Facilities Under Conditions of a Reduction, Termination,
andRestorationofGasSupplies ............................... 44
3.3 TheImportanceofUninterruptedGasSupplytoThermalPower
PlantsDuringEmergenciesinGasSupplySystems ............... 47
3.4 Algorithms of the Rational Transition of Gas-Fired Power
PlantsfromtheNormaltoaNon-standardModeofOperation
andBack(RestoringtheNormalMode) ......................... 48
4 ControlofOperationModesofGasConsumersinthePublic
UtilitySectorUnderConditionsofaReduction,Termination,
andRestorationofGasSupply ................................... 53
4.1 HomogeneousGasConsumerGroupsinthePublicUtilities
Sector ..................................................... 53
4.2 SpecialAspectsofControlofOperationModesofPublicUtility
SectorFacilitiesUnderConditionsofaReduction,Termination,
andRestorationofGasSupply ................................ 56
4.3 ImportanceofUninterruptedGasSupplytothePublicUtilities
Sector (Boiler Houses, Residential and Public Buildings)
DuringEmergenciesinGasSupplySystems ..................... 59
4.4 Algorithms of the Rational Transition of Gas Consumers
of the Public Utilities Sector from the Regular Mode
ofOperationtoaNon-standardModeandBack(Restoring
theNormalMode) ........................................... 60
Conclusion ......................................................... 65
References ......................................................... 69
Chapter 1
Issues Related to the Control
of the Operation of Various Gas
Consumers in the Event of Their Gas
Supply Disruptions
1.1 TheEssenceoftheStudyandItsProblemStatement
Undernormaloperatingconditions,theenergysystem(ES)suppliesconsumerswith
therequiredamountoffuelandenergyresources(FER)ofthespecifiedparameters.
Atthesametime,theproductioncapacityofaparticularESmeetsatleasttheavailable
demandforitsproducts.
In the event of an emergency in the system of fuel and energy supply of the
consumeroffuelandenergyresources,resultinginthedisruptionoftheoperation
of this system, the process of the transition of this consumer to a new mode of its
operationbegins,bothintermsofthelevelofsupplyofthecorrespondingtypeof
fuel and energy resources to them and in terms of performance of their functions.
ForanyFERconsumer,anew(non-standard)levelofitsoperationcanbeeithera
zeroleveloranintermediateone(thatbetweentheinitialandzerolevels).Thisnew
levelwillbemaintaineduntiltheemergencyisterminated.Afterward,thetransition
of both the consumers of FER and the systems of fuel and energy supply to this
consumerbeginssoastorecovertheprevious(normal)levelofoperation(ofcourse,
only if this level was changed with the onset of the emergency). Hence arises the
problem of rational control of operation modes of the FER consumer during the
abovetransitions.
ForaconsiderablepartofEuropeancountries,aswellasfortheEuropeanpartof
Russia,naturalgasservesasthemainfuel.Forexample,inasignificantpartofthese
Russianregionstheshareofgasinthebalanceofboilerandfurnacefuelsexceeds
90–95%,andsometimesreaches99%.
Anydevelopedgastransmissionnetworkonthenationalscaleincludesanexten-
sive system of gas trunklines combining the sources of gas inflow into it (main
compressorstationsatgasfields,terminalsforreceivingimportedgas,bothpipeline
gas and LNG) with points of gas delivery togas distributionnetworks, and, inthe
caseoflargeindustrialconsumersorexportterminals,directlytopointsofreception
oftrunklinegas.Anydevelopedgassupplysystemalongwiththelinearpart(trunk
pipelines,includingcompressorstations)includesgasstoragesystemsaswell.There
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 1
V.I.Rabchuketal.,ControlofOperationModesofGasConsumersintheEvent
ofGasSupplyDisruptions,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59731-3_1
