Control of Large Wind Energy Systems: Theory and Methods for the User (Advances in Industrial Control)

310 Pages·2022·10.152 MB·English

by  Adrian Gambier

Advances in Industrial Control
Adrian Gambier
Control
of Large
Wind Energy
Systems
Theory and Methods for the User

Advances in Industrial Control
SeriesEditors
MichaelJ.Grimble,IndustrialControlCentre,UniversityofStrathclyde,Glasgow,
UK
AntonellaFerrara,DepartmentofElectrical,ComputerandBiomedical
Engineering,UniversityofPavia,Pavia,Italy
EditorialBoard
GrahamGoodwin,SchoolofElectricalEngineeringandComputing,Universityof
Newcastle,Callaghan,NSW,Australia
ThomasJ.Harris,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Queen’sUniversity,
Kingston,ON,Canada
TongHengLee ,DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,National
UniversityofSingapore,Singapore,Singapore
OmP.Malik,SchulichSchoolofEngineering,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,AB,
Canada
Kim-FungMan,CityUniversityHongKong,Kowloon,HongKong
GustafOlsson,DepartmentofIndustrialElectricalEngineeringandAutomation,
LundInstituteofTechnology,Lund,Sweden
AsokRay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,
UniversityPark,PA,USA
SebastianEngell,LehrstuhlfürSystemdynamikundProzessführung,Technische
UniversitätDortmund,Dortmund,Germany
IkuoYamamoto,GraduateSchoolofEngineering,UniversityofNagasaki,
Nagasaki,Japan
AdvancesinIndustrialControlisaseriesofmonographsandcontributedtitlesfocusingon
theapplicationsofadvancedandnovelcontrolmethodswithinappliedsettings.Thisseries
hasworldwidedistributiontoengineers,researchersandlibraries.
The series promotes the exchange of information between academia and industry, to
whichendthebooksalldemonstratesometheoreticalaspectofanadvancedornewcontrol
method and show how it can be applied either in a pilot plant or in some real industrial
situation.Thebooksaredistinguishedbythecombinationofthetypeoftheoryusedandthe
typeofapplicationexemplified.Notethat“industrial”herehasaverybroadinterpretation;it
applies not merely to the processes employed in industrial plants but to systems such as
avionicsandautomotivebrakesanddrivetrain.Thisseriescomplementsthetheoreticaland
moremathematicalapproachofCommunicationsandControlEngineering.
IndexedbySCOPUSandEngineeringIndex.
Proposalsforthisseries,composedofaproposalformdownloadedfromthispage,adraft
Contents,atleasttwosamplechaptersandanauthorcv(withasynopsisofthewholeproject,
ifpossible)canbesubmittedtoeitherofthe:
SeriesEditors
ProfessorMichaelJ.Grimble
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Royal College Building, 204
GeorgeStreet,GlasgowG11XW,UnitedKingdom
e-mail:[email protected]
ProfessorAntonellaFerrara
Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Pavia,ViaFerrata1,27100Pavia,Italy
e-mail:[email protected]
orthe
In-houseEditor
Mr.OliverJackson
SpringerLondon,4CrinanStreet,London,N19XW,UnitedKingdom
e-mail:[email protected]
Proposalsarepeer-reviewed.
PublishingEthics
Researchersshouldconducttheirresearchfromresearchproposaltopublicationinlinewith
best practices and codes of conduct of relevant professional bodies and/or national and
international regulatory bodies. For more details on individual ethics matters please
see: https://www.springer.com/gp/authors-editors/journal-author/journal-author-helpdesk/
publishing-ethics/14214
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/1412
Adrian Gambier
Control of Large Wind
Energy Systems
Theory and Methods for the User
AdrianGambier
FraunhoferInstituteforWindEnergySystems
Bremerhaven,Bremen,Germany
ISSN1430-9491 ISSN2193-1577 (electronic)
AdvancesinIndustrialControl
ISBN978-3-030-84894-1 ISBN978-3-030-84895-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84895-8
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
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storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
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Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
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Tothememoryofmyparents,Emmaand
Mariano
ToAndrésandNancy

Series Editor’s Foreword
Control engineering is a wide-ranging topic that is viewed rather differently by
researchers and those that must commission and maintain control systems. The
formeroftendevelopgeneralalgorithmswithastrongunderlyingmathematicalbasis,
whilstthelatterhavemoreimmediateconcernsoverthelimitsofequipment,quality
ofcontrol,safetyandsecurity,andplantdowntime.TheseriesAdvancesinIndus-
trialControl attemptstobridgethisdivideandhopestoencouragetheadoptionof
advancedcontroltechniquesiftheyarelikelytobebeneficial.
Therapiddevelopmentofnewcontroltheoryandtechnologyhasanimpactonall
areasofengineeringandapplications.Manyapplicationsconcernindustrialmanu-
facturingandprocesscontrolproblemsbutthereareofcourseapplicationsinbioengi-
neering, medical systems, all areas of transport and many others. This monograph
serieshasafocusonsuchapplicationssincetherateoftechnologicaldevelopment
continually provides new challenges. There is also a gradual change away from
thetraditional view of control engineering design intothemore computer-focused
subjectofsystemsengineering.Thesedevelopmentsrequirenewsolutionsandstim-
ulatethedevelopmentofnewcontrolalgorithms.Thefocusonapplicationsisalso
desirableifthedifferentaspectsofthe“controldesign”problemaretobeexplored
withthesamededicationthat“controlsynthesis”problemshavereceivedinthepast.
The series provides an opportunity for researchers to present new work on the
solution of industrial control and applications problems. It raises awareness of the
substantialbenefitsthatadvancedcontrolcanprovidewithoutignoringthedifficulties
thatcansometimesarise.
Thismonographisconcernedwiththeveryimportantandpopulartopicofwind
turbinemodellingandcontrol.Itprovidesaverycompleteexpositionofthesubject,
and it is the result of teaching the Control of Wind Turbines at Leibniz Univer-
sity Hannover where the pedagogical style was honed. The first part of the text is
concerned with the modelling of wind turbine systems in some detail, and this is
needed for the simulation and design studies that follow. The second part begins
withaveryusefuloverviewofwindturbinecontrolinChap.7.Thiscoversthemain
controlmethodsbutalsomentionsproblemslikevibration-andload-reductionthat
areimportantdesignissues.Chapter8thenlooksatsupervisorycontrolissuesthat
vii
viii SeriesEditor’sForeword
have perhaps received less attention in the literature but also have a critical role.
ControlduringpartialloadoperationisdealtwithinChapter9andinfullloadoper-
ationinChap.10.Inthefirstcasetheidealistomaximisethepowergeneratedand
in the second the power must be limited to the rated value if components are not
tobeoverstressedanddamaged.Thecontrolapproachesrequiredareverydifferent
andpracticalsolutionsaredescribedforbothcases.Chapter11dealswithtopicsthat
arealsonotsopopularinacademicpapersbutaresignificant,namelyyawcontrol
(alignmentoftherotationalaxiswiththewinddirection)andshut-downcontrol.
Thethirdpartofthetextconsiderstheimplementationofthecontrollawsfroma
practicalviewpoint.Chapter12concernsthemodellingandparameterizationaspects,
sincethesimplestmodelsthatleadtoreasonabledesignaredesirableandtheway
theseareparameterizeddeterminestheeffectivenessoftheresulting“design”model.
Benchmarkingandcomparingperformanceisoftenveryusefulwhentheoutputof
a system must be “the best” in some sense. Since wind turbines are built in large
numbers it is worthwhile to look at control performance evaluation, considered in
Chap. 13, which also deals with load reduction, fatigue, and damage. Real-time
controlandsimulationincludinghardwareinthelooptestingaretreatedinChap.14.
Finally,thecasestudyinChap.15providestypicalresultsandillustratestheideas
presented.
The text covers a wide range of topics in just sufficient depth to provide an
intuitiveunderstandingofthedesignproblems.Theauthorhasthereforeprovideda
veryeasy-to-readtextthatshouldbeofgreatvaluetostudentsorresearchersentering
thesubjectandforengineersinthewindenergyindustry.Thebooksatisfiesareal
needandisaverytimelyadditiontotheAdvancesinIndustrialControlseries.
Glasgow,UK MichaelJ.Grimble
July,2021