Table Of ContentControl Applications for Biomedical
Engineering Systems
Control Applications for
Biomedical Engineering
Systems
Edited by
Ahmad Taher Azar
College of Engineering, Robotics and
Internet-of-Things Lab (RIOTU), Prince Sultan
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of
Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Benha
University, Benha, Egypt
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Contributors
P. AbuinInstitute ofTechnological Developmentfor the Chemical Industry
(INTEC),CONICET—UniversidadNacional del Litoral,Santa Fe,Argentina
OmidAghajanzadeh Department ofMechanical Engineering, Sharif Universityof
Technology, Tehran, Iran
Alma Y.Alanis Electronicsand Computing Division,CUCEI,Universidad de
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
MumtazAli Neurosurgery Department LRH, Peshawar, Pakistan
VibhaBhalerao JijamataHospital and IVF Center, Nanded, India
MathiasBlandeauUniversit(cid:1)ePolytechniqueHauts-de-FranceCNRS,Valenciennes,
France
Manuchi DansaDepartment ofElectronics andTelecommunication Engineering
(DETEL), State University ofRio deJaneiro(UERJ),Rio deJaneiro,Brazil
PaoloDi Giamberardino Department of Computer,Controland Management
Engineering, Sapienza Universityof Rome, Rome, Italy
UrmilaDiwekarVishwamitraResearchInstitute,StochasticResearchTechnologies
LLC, The UniversityofIllinois at Chicago,Chicago, IL,United States
Ali Falsafi Department of Mechanical Engineering,SwissFederal Instituteof
Technology Lausanne,Lausanne, Switzerland
A. Ferramosca Facultad Regional de Reconquista, CONICET,UTN,Santa Fe,
Argentina
Aldo PardoGarciaA&C, Automation andControlGroup, Universidad de
Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
J.A. Garc´ıa-Rodr´ıguez Electronics andComputingDivision,CUCEI,Universidad
de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
xii Contributors
J.L. Godoy Instituteof Technological Development for the ChemicalIndustry
(INTEC), CONICET—Universidad Nacionaldel Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
A.H.Gonza´lez Instituteof Technological Development for the ChemicalIndustry
(INTEC), CONICET—Universidad Nacionaldel Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
Thierry-Marie Guerra Universit(cid:1)e Polytechnique Hauts-de-France CNRS,
Valenciennes,France
WassimM. Haddad School of AerospaceEngineering, Georgia Instituteof
Technology, Atlanta,GA,UnitedStates
Jorge Herrera Departamento deIngenier´ıa,Universidad deBogota´ Jorge Tadeo
Lozano, Bogota´, Colombia
MehdiHosseinzadehDepartmentofControlEngineeringandSystemAnalysis,The
Free Universityof Brussels,Brussels, Belgium
DanielaIacovielloDepartmentofComputer,ControlandManagementEngineering,
Sapienza University ofRome, Rome, Italy
Asier Ibeas Escolad’Enginyeria, Autonomous Universityof Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
M. Ishfaq South Al Qunfudhah GeneralHospital, AlQunfudhah, Saudi Arabia
DavideMancaPSE-Lab,ProcessSystemsEngineeringLaboratory,Dipartimentodi
Chimica, MaterialieIngegneria Chimica“GiulioNatta,” Politecnico diMilano,
Milano, Italy
EduardoMa´rquez-Mart´ınMedical-SurgicalUnitofRespiratoryDiseases,Instituto
de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), UniversityHospital Virgen del Roc´ıo, Seville,
Spain
NaderMeskinDepartmentofElectricalEngineering,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar
NasimUllah Department ofElectrical Engineering, College ofEngineering,
Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Apoorva Nisal The Universityof Illinois, Chicago, IL,UnitedStates
Tiago Roux OliveiraDepartment ofElectronics andTelecommunication
Engineering (DETEL),StateUniversityofRio deJaneiro (UERJ), Rio deJaneiro,
Brazil
Contributors xiii
Francisco Ortega-Ruiz Medical-Surgical Unit ofRespiratory Diseases, Instituto
de Biomedicina deSevilla (IBiS), UniversityHospital Virgen del Roc´ıo,
Seville,Spain
ReginaPadmanabhan Department of Electrical Engineering,Qatar University,
Doha,Qatar
VictorHugoPereiraRodriguesDepartmentofElectronicsandTelecommunication
Engineering (DETEL),State Universityof Riode Janeiro (UERJ), Riode Janeiro,
Brazil
Philippe Pudlo Universit(cid:1)ePolytechnique Hauts-de-France CNRS, Valenciennes,
France
Muhammad Mohsin RafiqAprus Technologies PvtLtd, Peshawar,Pakistan
JavierReina-Tosina Biomedical EngineeringGroup,Universidad de Sevilla,
Seville,Spain
Y.Yuliana RiosElectrical Engineering Department, CINVESTAV, Zapopan,
Mexico
PabloS.RivadeneiraUniversidadNacionaldeColombia,FacultaddeMinas,Grupo
GITA,Medellin,Colombia;InstituteofTechnologicalDevelopmentfortheChemical
Industry (INTEC),CONICET—Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe,
Argentina
LauraMar´ıaRoa-RomeroBiomedicalEngineeringGroup,UniversidaddeSevilla,
Seville,Spain
E. Ruiz-Vela´zquez Electronics andComputingDivision,CUCEI, Universidad de
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
EdgarN. Sanchez Electrical EngineeringDepartment, CINVESTAV,Zapopan,
Mexico
AdrianaSavocaPSE-Lab,ProcessSystemsEngineeringLaboratory,Dipartimentodi
Chimica, Materiali eIngegneria Chimica “GiulioNatta,” Politecnicodi Milano,
Milano, Italy
J.E.Sereno Universidad Nacional deColombia, Facultad deMinas,GrupoGITA,
Medellin, Colombia;Institute ofTechnological Developmentfor the Chemical
Industry (INTEC),CONICET—Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe,
Argentina
xiv Contributors
Mojtaba Sharifi Department ofMechanical Engineering, Sharif University of
Technology, Tehran, Iran
Alejandro Talaminos-Barroso Biomedical EngineeringGroup,Universidad de
Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Fleur T. Tehrani California State University, Fullerton, CA,United States
KirtiYenkieChemicalEngineering,RowanUniversity,Glassboro,NJ,UnitedStates
Foreword
Duringthepastonehundredyears,medicineandhealthcarehavebeenrevolutionized
duetonumerousinnovationsandstaggeringdevelopmentsinmanyareasofscience
and technology. Just gazing around any hospital setting shows the extent that
healthcarehasbeen improvedduetotechnological breakthroughs.Fromthe labora-
tories where various devices such as sophisticated microscopes and gas or blood
analyzers are routinely used, to the imaging departments equipped with ultrasound,
computerizedaxialtomography,magneticresonanceimaging,andpositronemission
tomographyscanners,totheintensivecareandtheoperatingroomswherenumerous
medical devices such as ventilators, heart-lung machines, and robotic surgical
equipmentareutilized,onecanseetheextentthathealthcarehasbecomedependent
upon technological advancements.
Biomedicalengineering,whichisbasicallytheapplicationofscienceandtechnol-
ogy in medicine, has grown to a vast and rapidly developing field of engineering.
Biomedical engineers combine the knowledge in physiology, biology, physics,
chemistry,andtheelectrical,mechanical,andchemicalengineeringfieldstodesign
anddevelopbiomaterials,sensorsandphysiologicalmonitors,prosthesesdevicesand
artificial organs, imaging equipment, artificial intelligence (AI) systems, and many
automatic controllersinvariousfields of medicine, toname a few.
Someoftherapidlyadvancingareasofbiomedicalengineeringatthepresenttime
areintheapplicationsofAIandexpertsystemsaswellasdevelopmentofclosed-loop
controllersforvarioustypesofdiagnosisandpatienttreatment.Abiomedicalengineer
involved in the development of an AI or expert system needs to acquire detailed
knowledgeaboutthephysiologyofthepartofthehumanbodytargetedbythetreat-
ment.Ifthesystemisdevelopedfordrugdelivery,thepharmacokineticsandpharma-
codynamics of the drug need to be thoroughly studied and included in the system.
If the system is designed for diagnosis and/or treatment purposes, the biomedical
engineerneedstostudyandconsultvariousmedicalprotocolsandmayhavetodesign
asimulationmodelofthepartofthebodytargetedbythetreatmentandincludethat
model in the system. In order to move away from black-box representation, the
simulationmodelmayneedtobeisomorphicandfairlydetailedmathematically.Such
models can be quite useful in the diagnosis as well as treatment of patients. The
resultingAIorexpertsystemscanprovidethefoundationsforclosed-loopcontrollers
for anesthesia and drug delivery, to ventilators, cardiac pacemakers, and artificial
organs,as few examples.
Applicationsofcontroltechniquesinbiomedicalengineeringarediverse,numer-
ous,andexpanding.Varioustechnologiesfromdeterministicandclassicalmethodsto
neurofuzzy technologies are applied in control of medical systems and devices.
xvi Foreword
Biomedical engineers normallygo through several steps todevelop control systems
and devices. The first step is to acquire in-depth knowledge about the physiologi-
cal/biological characteristics of the part of the patient’s body that will be subjected
toanalysis/treatment.Thesecondstepmayinvolvethedesign,development,testing,
andverifyingtheeffectivenessofamodelofthepatient’sorgan.Thenextstepisto
designanddevelopasystemthatcanprocessmonitoredand/orsimulatedpatientdata
and can be used for diagnosis or the intended treatment. The biomedical engineer
should also develop user-friendly interfaces to communicate data with the medical
personnel.
If the system is intended for use as a closed-loop controller for any medical
procedure, the next step is to use proper negative feedback techniques and develop
arobustandstablesystem.Thissystemneedstogothroughthoroughclinicaltesting
to assess its effectiveness and safety. If the tests are successful, the final step is to
review the details of the requirements of the regulatory organizations (e.g., the
FDA) and to make sure that the system’s compliance with those requirements is
properly documented toobtain the necessaryregulatoryapprovals.
Theaforementionedstepsinthedesign,development,testing,andfinalapplication
andimplementationofmedicalcontrolsystemsrequiremultiplespecialtiesandmay
not all be taken by the same biomedical engineer. In fact, these tasks are normally
performed by a team of biomedical engineers, scientists, and physicians who have
the required specialized knowledge and expertise at different levels of product
development.
The end products as medical control systems are normally quite impactful. The
successfulcontrollershelpprovideoptimaltreatmenttopatients,significantlyreduce
medical errors that cause countless morbidities and mortalities all over the world
annually,andconsiderablyreducethehealthcarecosts.Inbrief,aneffectivemedical
controller can save lives and reduce healthcare costs at the same time.
ThisbookthathasbeencarefullyarrangedandeditedbyProf.AhmadTaherAzar,
ispreparedtoprovidethereaderswithvaluableinformationabouttheapplicationsof
controltechniques invariousbiomedicalengineeringsystems.Theintendedreaders
ofthebookareresearchersinthefieldofbiomedicine.Thebookprovidesthedescrip-
tions of some of the advanced control systems that are currently in practical use in
healthcareworldwide.Thesubjectofthebookistimelyandtheapplicationsofcontrol
technologiesin medicine are vast andare boundto increase inthe yearsto come.
Fleur T.Tehrani
Electrical Engineering,CaliforniaStateUniversity,
Fullerton, CA, UnitedStates
