Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics

474 Pages·2010·2.52 MB·English

Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics
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Published
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Continuum Companion to Syntax and Syntactic Theory
Edited by Silvia Luraghi and Claudia Parodi
Continuum Companion to TESOL
Edited by Jun Liu
Continuum Companion
to Historical Linguistics
Edited by
Silvia Luraghi
and
Vit Bubenik
Continuum International Publishing Group
The Tower Building 80 Maiden Lane
11 York Road Suite 704
London SE1 7NX New York, NY 10038
www.continuumbooks.com
© Silvia Luraghi, Vit Bubenik and Contributors 2010
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmi(cid:308) ed
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission
in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-1-4411-4465-2 (hardcover)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire
Contents
List of Illustrations vii
List of Contributors ix
Editors’ Introduction xiii
1 Historical Linguistics: History, Sources and Resources 1
Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik
Part I: Methodology
2 Sound Change and the Comparative Method:
The Science of Historical Reconstruction 39
John Hewson
3 Internal Reconstruction 52
Brian D. Joseph
4 Typology and Universals 59
Hans Henrich Hock
5 Internal Language Classifi cation 70
Søren Wichmann
Part II: Phonological Change
6 Segmental Phonological Change 89
Joseph Salmons
7 Suprasegmental and Prosodic Historical Phonology 106
Hans Henrich Hock
Part III: Morphological and Grammatical Change
8 From Morphologization to Demorphologization 117
Henning Andersen
Contents
 9 Analogical Change 147
Livio Gaeta
10 Change in Grammatical Categories 161
Vit Bubenik
Part IV: Syntactic Change
11 Word Order 201
Jan Terje Faarlund
12 The Rise (and Possible Downfall) of Confi gurationality 212
Silvia Luraghi
13 Subordination 230
Dorothy Disterhe(cid:286) and Carlo(cid:308) a Viti
14 Alignment 250
Geoff rey Haig
Part V: Semantico-Pragmatic Change
15 Grammaticalization 271
Elizabeth Closs Traugo(cid:308)
16 Semantic Change 286
Eugenio R. Luján
17 Etymology 311
Thomas Krisch
Part VI: Explanations of Language Change
18 Language Contact 325
Bridget Drinka
19 Regional and Social Dialectology 346
J. K. Chambers
20 Causes of Language Change 358
Silvia Luraghi
A–Z Historical Linguistics 371
References 385
Index of Subjects 431
Index of Authors 441
Index of Languages 449
vi
List of Illustrations
Figures
Figure 5.1 A starshaped phylogeny 75
Figure 5.2 An unrooted tree of 4 taxa (quartet) 75
Figure 5.3 A network of four taxa 76
Figure 5.4 Another network of four taxa 76
Figure 5.5 A network illustration of distinctive branch lengths 76
Figure 5.6a–b Two versions of the same rooted tree 76
Figure 5.7 A frequency plot of distances for pairs of
Uto-Aztecan languages 83
Figure 5.8 A rank-by-distance plot for Uto-Aztecan 84
Figure 10.1 Systemic values of major aspectual categories within
‘Event Time’ (a(cid:286) er Hewson and Bubenik, 1997: 13–14) 182
Figure 16.1 Development of color terms (Kay 1975: 257) 300
Figure 16.2 Extension of verbs of perception (Viberg 1983: 147) 300
Figure 16.3 Abstraction scale according to Heine et al. (1991: 159) 306
Figure 16.4 Semantic Map of ‘Dative’ (Haspelmath 1999) 307
Figure 19.1 The bundle of isoglosses trace the main dialect division
in France between French in the north and Provençal
in the south (based on Jochnowitz 1973, from Chambers
and Trudgill 1998: 96 used by permission) 349
Figure 19.2 (aw)-Fronting in Toronto for males and females (m, f) fi ve
age-groups (indicated by birth-year) based on studies
made in 1979 (dark bars) and 1997 (light bars)
(Chambers 2006: 116) 355
vii
List of Illustrations
Tables
Table 8.1 Latin kukurristī ‘you.sg ran, have run’ 119
Table 8.2 Latin kukurristī ‘you.sg ran, have run’ 120
Table 8.3 Ictus change and univerbation in Polish past-tense forms,
robić ‘make, do’ 128
Table 8.4 Metanalysis of Russ. dial. dv’e > dv-’-e 131
Table 8.5 Morphologized prosodic apophonies in Jutish 133
Table 8.6 Inherited and innovated narrative tenses in Bulgarian 137
Table 8.7 Two types of expression reduction in Russian adjectives;
takój ‘such’ 139
Table 8.8 The chronological development of infl ection in ‘11’–‘19’ 139
Table 8.9 Italian alternation types 141
Table 8.10 Some Proto-Slavic nominal stem classes 141
Table 8.11 The OCS refl exes of the paradigms in (12) 141
Table 14.1 Alignment of case marking in selected West Iranian languages 259
viii
List of Contributors
Henning Andersen is Professor Emeritus at the University of California,
Los Angeles. His degrees are from the University of British Columbia and
Harvard University. He has wri(cid:308) en on synchronic and diachronic phonology,
morphophonemics, morphology and grammaticalization. Several of his publi-
cations (e.g., Actualization, 2001; ‘Grammaticalization in a speaker-oriented
theory of change,’ 2008) lay out a theory of language change that recognizes the
central role of synchronic usage norms in change.
Vit Bubenik is Professor of General and Historical Linguistics at Memorial
University of Newfoundland. His research focuses on dialectology, morpho-
logy and syntax of Indo-Iranian, Greek, Slavic and Semitic languages. His major
publications include Hellenistic and Roman Greece as a Sociolinguistic Area (1989)
and A Historical Syntax of Late Middle Indo-Aryan (1998). He was elected Fellow
of the Royal Society of Canada in 2007.
J. K. (Jack) Chambers is Professor of sociolinguistics at the University of
Toronto. He is the lead editor of The Handbook of Language Variation and Change
(Wiley-Blackwell 2002) and author of Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation
and Its Social Signifi cance (Wiley-Blackwell 2009, third edition). He works exten-
sively as a forensic consultant, and maintains a parallel vocation in jazz criti-
cism, including the prize-winning biography Milestones: The Music and Times of
Miles Davis (DaCapo 1998).
Elizabeth Closs Traugo(cid:308) is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and English at
Stanford University. Her current research focuses on ways to bring the theories
of grammaticalization and construction grammar to bear on accounts of
micro-changes. Recent publications include Grammaticalization (1993, 2nd much
revised ed. 2003; with P. Hopper) and Lexicalization and Language Change (2005;
with Laurel J. Brinton). A volume coedited with G. Trousdale on Gradience,
Gradualness, and Grammaticalization is in press.
ix