Table Of ContentCONTESTED CITIZENSHIP
Social Movements, Protest, and Contention
Series Editor: Bert Klandermans, Free University, Amsterdam
Associate Editors: Ron R. Aminzade, University of Minnesota
David S. Meyer, University of California, Irvine
Verta A. Taylor, University of California, Santa Barbara
Volume 25 Ruud Koopmans, Paul Statham, Marco Giugni, and Florence
Passy, Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural
Diversity in Europe
Volume 24 David Croteau, William Hoynes, and Charlotte Ryan, editors,
Rhyming Hope and History: Activists, Academics, and Social
Movement Scholarship
Volume 23 David S. Meyer, Valerie Jenness, and Helen Ingram, editors,
Routing the Opposition: Social Movements, Public Policy, and
Democracy
Volume 22 Kurt S chock, Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements
in Nondemocracies
Volume 21 Christian Davenport, Hank Johnston, and Carol Mueller,
editors, Repression and Mobilization
Volume 20 Nicole C. Raeburn, Changing Corporate America from Inside
Out: Lesbian and Gay Workplace Rights
Volume 19 Vincent J. Roscigno and William F. Danaher, The Voice of
Southern Labor: Radio, Music, and Textile Strikes, 1929-1934
Volume 18 Maryjane Osa, Solidarity and Contention: Networks of Polish
Opposition
Volume 17 Mary Margaret Fonow, Union Women: Forging Feminism in the
United Steelworkers of America
Volume 16 Bert Klandermans and Suzanne Staggenborg, editors, Methods
of Social Movement Research
For more books in the series, seepage 314.
CONTESTED CITIZENSHIP
Immigration and Cultural
Diversity in Europe
Ruud Koopmans, Paul Stat
Marco Giugni, and Flore
Social Movements, Protest, and Contention
Volume 25
University of Minnesota Press
Minneapolis • London
Copyright 2005 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Published by the University of Minnesota Press
111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290
Minneapolis, MN 55401-2520
http://www.upress.umn.edu
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Contested citizenship : immigration and cultural diversity in Europe / Ruud
Koopmans. . . [etal.].
p. cm. — (Social movements, protest, and contention ; v. 25)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8166-4662-7 (he: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8166-4663-5 (pb : alk. paper)
1. Europe—Emigration and immigration. 2. Citizenship—Europe.
3. Europe—Ethnic relations. 4. Multiculturalism—Europe. I. Koopmans,
Ruud. II. Series.
JV7590.C666 2005
325.4—dc22
2005017425
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.
12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface vii
Introduction: The Contentious Politics of Immigration
and Ethnic Relations 1
1. Configurations of Citizenship in Five European Countries 31
2. Beyond the Nation-State? National and Postnational
Claims Making 74
3. Migrants between Transnationalism and National Citizenship 107
4. Minority Group Demands and the Challenge of Islam 146
5. The Extreme Right: Ethnic Competition or Political Space? 180
6. Interest or Identity? Pro-Migrant and Antiracist Actors 205
7. Contested Citizenship: Conclusions and Future Directions 232
Appendix: The Coding of Political Claims Making 254
Notes 267
References 279
Index 297
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Preface
This book is based on the Mobilization on Ethnic Relations, Immigration,
and Citizenship project (MERCI, http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/eurpolcom/research
_projects_merci.cfm). The origins of this project go back to 1994, when
Ruud Koopmans started a project on extreme right violence in Germany
at the Political Communication and Mobilization Department at the
Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin (WZB). Paul Statham joined the department
in 1996, bringing with him a new project funded by the British Economic
and Social Research Council (R000236558—1996-9) and hosted at the In-
stitute of Communication Studies, University of Leeds. Subsequently, the
idea arose to link the two projects and to set up a systematic comparison
of public mobilization and discourse on immigration and ethnic relations
in Germany and Britain. Stimulated by the striking contrasts between the
two countries that our first results indicated, we set out to look for partners
in additional countries. Marco Giugni and Florence Passy, with whom one
of us had already fruitfully collaborated in an earlier comparative project,
joined the project in 1997, and they developed the French and Swiss country
studies with assistance from the Swiss National Science Foundation (proj-
ect no. 4039-44908). In addition, Rinus Penninx and Meindert Fennema
of the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies of the University of
Amsterdam generously provided funding for the appointment of a PhD
student, Thorn Duyvene de Wit, who was cofinanced by the Amsterdam
School of Communications Research. We thank the Wissenschaftszentrum
Berlin, the Economic and Social Research Council, the Swiss National
Fund for Research, and the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies for
vn
viii PREFACE
their confidence in our project and for making our large primary data gath-
ering efforts possible.
Among the people to whom we would like to say "merci," Thorn
Duyvene de Wit is first in line. He did much of the Dutch data gather-
ing for the citizenship indicators reported in chapter 1, and organized and
supervised the content coding in the Netherlands. In addition, he was the
source of many valuable comments and ideas during the various project
meetings that we had over the years. Thorn is presently concluding his dis-
sertation, which will analyze the Dutch case in more depth than is possible
within our comparative framework. In Berlin, Christian Galonska provid-
ed valuable research assistance and gathered much of the German informa-
tion for the citizenship indicators. Janice Cornwall at the WZB and Fidessa
Voormolen at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam skillfully helped with some
of the editing and formatting of the manuscript at various stages. Paul
Statham would like especially to thank David Morrison at the Institute of
Communications Studies, Leeds, for his institutional support, intellectual
thoughts, and good humor over the full decade. In addition, the team at
the Centre for European Political Communications (EurPolCom) at Leeds,
Julie Firmstone, Emily Gray, and Manlio Cinalli, have continued to assist
and work on the further development of this project, which has been made
possible by the receipt of another ESRC grant (R000239221— 2001-4) that
is also gratefully acknowledged.
Colleagues who commented on intermediary papers and articles in the
project are too numerous to mention individually, but they often forced us to
refine and reconsider our arguments. Special thanks, however, go to Gianni
D'Amato, Thomas Faist, Virginie Guiraudon, Betty de Hart, and Jonathan
Laurence, who provided extremely useful comments on a draft of chapter 1
(and in Jonathan's case also on chapter 4 and many other aspects of our
research). We also thank the University of Minnesota Press reviewer Nella
Van Dyke for her kind words and very helpful comments on the draft manu-
script. We extend a special thanks to Emily Gray for compiling our index.
Last but not least, for their dedication, precision, and especially their
perseverance, we extend thanks to our coders: Anja Baukloh, Uwe Breiten-
born, Angelica Costa, Britta Gerike, Windsor Holden, Vibha Mehta, Dirk
Meurer, Inken Schroder, Daniella Simon, Annett Wahnschaffe, and Bernd
Wolki. We ask them to forgive us for the years it may take before they can
again leisurely read a newspaper without thinking in codes.
Introduction
The Contentious Politics of Immigration and Ethnic Relations
In the early days of labor and postcolonial migration, few observers foresaw
the profound long-term consequences for Western European democracies.
What were meant to be temporary labor hands, economically active but
otherwise invisible, turned out to be permanent immigrants, whose activi-
ties, needs, demands, and social impacts extended far beyond the econom-
ic sphere. Unlike the proactive, self-identifying immigration countries of
the New World, the nations of Western Europe have become immigration
countries largely unintentionally and reactively, and often against the ex-
plicit will of sizable parts of both the political elite and the native popula-
tion (Hollifield 1992). This explains, for instance, why as late as 1998 it was
still the official position of the German government that "Germany is not a
country of immigration" in spite of the fact that, de facto, Germany had
in the 1990s become the world's most important destination for migrants,
putting even classical immigration countries such as the United States and
Australia in the shade.
Germany's counterfactual insistence on not being a country of immi-
gration may stand as a symbolic marker for the difficulties that all Western
European societies are experiencing in coming to terms with the challenges
associated with the arrival and settlement of millions of culturally, reli-
giously, and racially different immigrants. Much previous work on immi-
gration and ethnic relations in the European context has approached this
problematic from the socioeconomic side, but we maintain in this book
that the challenges of immigration are perhaps more fundamentally related
to the political culture and institutions of the receiving countries and to
1
Description:From international press coverage of the French government’s attempt to prevent Muslims from wearing headscarves to terrorist attacks in Madrid and the United States, questions of cultural identity and pluralism are at the center of the world’s most urgent events and debates. Presenting an unpre
