Table Of ContentContemporary
Endocrinology
Volume 1
Contemporary Endocrinology
(formerly The Year in Endocrinology)
Editor-in-Chief: SIDNEY H. INGBAR • Boston, Massachusetts
Editorial Board
EDWARD G. BIGLIERI • San Francisco, California
LEWIS E. BRAVERMAN • Worcester, Massachusetts
WILLIAM H. DAUGHADA Y • St. Louis, Missouri
DANIEL D. FEDERMAN • Boston, Massachusetts
CHARLES R. KLEEMAN • Los Angeles, California
DOROTHY T. KRIEGER • New York, New York
MORTIMER B. LIPSETT • Bethesda, Maryland
ROBERT L. NEY • Chapel Hill, North Carolina
GARY L. ROBERTSON • Indianapolis, Indiana
GRIFF T. ROSS • Bethesda, Maryland
LOUIS M. SHERWOOD • Chicago, Illinois
KENNETH A. WOEBER • San Francisco, California
Contemporary
Endocrinology
Volume 1
Edited by
Sidney H. lngbar, M.D.
William B. Cartle Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Director, Thorndike Laboratory of Harvard Medical School
at the Beth Israel Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Springer Science+B usiness Media, LLC
ISBN 978-1-4757-4859-8 ISBN 978-1-4757-4857-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-4857-4
© 19 79 Springer Science+B usiness Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Publishing Corporation in 1979
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1979
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Edward G. Biglieri, M. D. • Professor of Medicine, University of
California School of Medicine; Chief, Endocrine Division of Medical
Service, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, San Fran
cisco, California
Lewis E. Braverman, M. D. • Professor of Medicine; Director of
Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Massachusetts Medical
School, Worcester, Massachusetts
William H. Daughaday, M. D. • Professor of Medicine; Director,
Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine, Washington Univer
sity School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Daniel D. Federman, M. D. • Professor of Medicine; Dean for
Students and Alumni, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts
John T. Gwynne, M. D. • Assistant Professor of Medicine, Depart
ment of Medicine, Endocrine Division, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Charles R. Kleeman, M. D. • Professor of Medicine; Chief Emeritus,
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of
California at Los Angeles School of Medicine and Center for the
Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California
Karen Kleeman, M. D. • Resident in Medicine, Department of Med
icine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
y
vi CONTRIBUTORS
Dorothy T. Krieger, M.D. • Professor of Medicine; Director, Division
of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Medical Center and School of Med
icine, City University of New York, New York, New York
Lewis Landsberg, M. D. • Assistant Professor of Medicine, Depart
ment of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Chief, De
partment of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Mortimer B. Lipsett, M. D. • Director, Clinical Center, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Robert L. Ney, M. D. • Professor of Medicine; Chairman, Depart
ment of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina
Griff T. Ross, M. D. • Deputy Director, Clinical Center, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Louis M. Sherwood, M. D. • Physician-in-Chief and Chairman, De
partment of Medicine, Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center;
Professor of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Kenneth A. Woeber, M. D. • Chief of Medicine, Mt. Zion Hospital
and Medical Center; Professor of Medicine, University of California
Medical School, San Francisco, California
James B. Young, M. D. • Assistant Professor of Medicine, Depart
ment of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine,
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Preface
Those who are familiar with the two volumes of The Year in Endocrinology
may, at first glance, fail to recognize their relationship to the present
volume, Contemporary Endocrinology. The name is different and the cover
design different, but nonetheless the admonition against judging a book
by its cover is very well taken in this instance. In fact, Contemporary
Endocrinology is not only the direct linear descendant of The Year in
Endocrinology, it is a purposeful clone thereof-the topics are unchanged,
the talented group of authors is unchanged, and most importantly, both
the objective of the work and the manner in which that objective is
approached are unchanged. The objective is, of course, to assist the
reader in maintaining currency with respect to important developments,
both basic and clinical, in the major areas of endocrinology. We are all
much too familiar, unfortunately, with the difficulty of maintaining
currency these days. Our approach to dealing with the informational
inflation that we are suffering is similar to that used by economists in
dealing with monetary inflation, that is, to increase interest. This we have
attempted to do by providing for the reader an easy-to-read group of
essays in which advances in individual areas of endocrinology are re
viewed broadly, synthesized, and placed into perspective by a group of
authors who are authorities in their individual fields. They serve, not as
guest artists, but as members of a stable Editorial Board that provides
continuity by contributing to successive volumes. As judged from the
comments of colleagues and from published reviews, our objectives
appear to have been met at least reasonably well. In fact, the extent to
vii
viii PREFACE
which other works now beginning to appear are patterned so closely
after The Year in Endocrinology and Contemporary Endocrinology is very
flattering indeed.
Why then have we changed the name of the work and also, as will
become apparent, the frequency with which it will appear? What's in the
new name is a desire to distinguish more clearly, with respect to format
and intent, between Contemporary Endocrinology and the several yearbooks
and highly focused review compendia in the field; these are useful and
valuable, but quite different. The new title, additionally, eliminates the
connotation that the material being considered is confined to that which
has appeared during the preceding year. This has not been the case;
rather, the effort has always been to place new material within the
context of what has gone before and what is likely to follow.
Contemporary Endocrinology will appear every other year, rather than
yearly. This change is intended to serve several purposes. The longer
interval will allow new findings to develop the critical mass necessary to
clarify their impact and implications. It will also provide the authors with
some surcease from the series of activities necessary for the preparation
and publication of a work of this type, a series that a yearly cycle turns
into an unending chain. There is a limit to what even the busiest people
are able to get done.
The Editor, too, will enjoy the brief respite from editorial duties that
the new interval for publication will afford. The task of shepherding a
book of this type through the various stages of its preparation is a
blessing that, one must say in all candor, is decidedly mixed. But a
blessing it is, ultimately and on balance. The opportunity that the editorial
work affords to keep abreast of the many advances taking place in the
field is highly gratifying. Even more gratifying is the opportunity to work
with highly compatible and skilled professionals, both on the scientific
side and in the publishing side, the latter in the person of Ms. Hilary
Evans of Plenum. Most gratifying of all, however, is the feeling that one
may be helping, through this vehicle, to disseminate not only factual
knowledge about endocrinology but also the strong sense of excitement
that all who work in or think about this field must certainly feel. If that
is being accomplished in some reasonable measure, then the effort is-as
Dr. William B. Castle used to say of working at the Boston City Hospital
"worth it, but just."
Sidney H. Ingbar, M.D.
Contents
Chapter 1
NeuroendocrinoJogy
Dorothy T. Krieger
1.1. Anatomical Localization and Neurotransmitter Regulation
of Releasing Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1. Hypothalamic Deafferentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1.1. Effect on Somatostatin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1.2. Physiological Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2. Neurotransmitter Regulation of Hypophysiotropic
Releasing Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 .I. Histamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2.2. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone . . . . . . 2
1.1.2.3. Growth Hormone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2.4. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Pineal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.1. Melatonin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.2. Arginine Vasotocin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4. Peptide Hormones in Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.1. Gastrointestinal Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1.1. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1.2. Cholecystokinin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.2. Pituitary Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.2.1. a-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone . . . . . 7
1.4.2.2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.2.3. Lipotropin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
ix
X CONTENTS
1.4.2.4. Prolactin, Thyrotropin, and Growth
Hormone ........................... . 9
1.4.2.5. Neurophysin ......................... . 9
1.4.3. Hypothalamic Hormones ...................... . 9
1.5. Effect of Endorphin on Pituitary Function .............. . 10
1.6. Plasma Upotropin and Endorphin ..................... . 11
1. 7. Clinical Studies ...................................... . 13
1.7.1. Effect of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone ....... . 13
1.7.2. Treatment of Cushing's Disease ................. . 13
References 14
Chapter 2
Anterior Pituitary
William H. Daughaday
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2. Corticotropin-Related Peptides.......................... 22
2.2.1. Biosysnthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.2. Circulating Peptides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.3. Cushing's Disease and Corticotropin-Secreting
Pituitary Tumors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.4. Corticotropin-Secreting Adenomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.5. Ectopic Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.6. Secretion in Addison's Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.7. Pharmacological Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3. Thyrotropin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.1. Thyrotropin-Receptor Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.2. "Big" Thyrotropin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.3. Regulation of Thyrotropin Release............... 29
2.3.4. Thyrotroph Cell Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.5. Placental Thyrotropin :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.6. Modification of TRH Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4. Gonadotropins........................................ 32
2.4.1. Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4.2. Structural-Functional Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.3. Gonadotropin Subunits in Serum and Urine . . . . . . 34
2.4.4. Regulation of Secretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.5. Pubertal Changes of Gonadotropins.............. 36
2.4.6. Gonadotropin Secretion in Early Ovarian Failure . . 37
2.4.7. Gonadotropin-Producing Tumors................ 37
2.5. Prolactin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5.1. Lactotroph Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
