Table Of ContentContamination Control in the
Natural Gas Industry
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
Contamination Control in
the Natural Gas Industry
Thomas H. Wines
PallCorporation,UnitedStates
Saeid Mokhatab
GasProcessingConsultant,Canada
GulfProfessionalPublishingisanimprintofElsevier
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom
Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand
retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek
permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour
arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright
LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightby
thePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand
experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,
ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein
evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed
herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafety
andthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or
editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatter
ofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,
products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISBN:978-0-12-816986-5
ForInformationonallGulfProfessionalPublishingpublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:JoeHayton
AcquisitionsEditor:KatieHammon
EditorialProjectManager:TracyI.Tufaga
ProductionProjectManager:SojanP.Pazhayattil
CoverDesigner:ChristianJ.Bilbow
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
Dedication
This book is dedicated to my family which in these times has become
even more significant than ever and especially to my wife, Donna,
and children, Daniel and Shannon, for their pandemic support and
patience with this project over the last 21/ years.
2
—Thomas H. Wines
I wish to dedicate this book to my wife, Maryam, and my son, Sam,
whose patience, understanding, and encouragement were essential to
completion of this book. They contributed to this effort in ways that
I probably will never know or understand.
—Saeid Mokhatab
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
Contents
Abouttheauthors ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Disclaimer xv
1 Fundamentalsoffiltrationscience 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Overview 1
1.3 Darcy’slaw 10
1.4 Capturemechanisms 13
1.5 Filterlife 16
1.6 Differencesbetweensolid(cid:1)liquidandsolid(cid:1)gasseparation 20
References 21
2 Fundamentalsofseparationscience 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Liquid/gassystems 25
2.3 Liquid/liquidsystems 41
References 48
Furtherreading 50
3 Industrial contaminants 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Originsandtypes 51
3.3 Characterizingcontaminants 66
References 78
Furtherreading 81
4 Industrial filtrationtechnologies 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Gravityseparators 84
4.3 Basketstrainers 85
4.4 Filterpress 85
4.5 Cyclonicseparatorsandcyclo-filters 89
4.6 Disposablecartridgefilters 95
4.7 Regenerablefilters 102
4.8 Otherfiltrationtechnologies 113
4.9 Filtrationsummary 113
References 116
Furtherreading 118
viii Contents
5 Industrial separationtechnologies 119
5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 Liquid/liquidseparation 120
5.3 Liquid-gasseparations 147
5.4 Three-phaseseparations 177
References 182
6 Roleofchemicaladditives 191
6.1 Introduction 191
6.2 Surfactants 191
6.3 Typicalchemicaladditives 201
6.4 Processapplications 215
6.5 Effectonfiltration/separation 217
References 218
Furtherreading 223
7 Effectofcontaminationonprocessesinthenaturalgasindustry 225
7.1 Introduction 225
7.2 Naturalgassupplychain 226
7.3 Gasproductionatwellhead 227
7.4 Gasprocessingplant 242
7.5 Pipeline 290
7.6 Undergroundstorage 297
7.7 Liquefiednaturalgasproduction 300
References 310
Furtherreading 316
8 Diagnosticsandtroubleshootingmethods 317
8.1 Introduction 317
8.2 Strategicapproach 317
8.3 Fieldmethods 329
8.4 Labmethods 335
8.5 Applications/casestudies 336
References 349
9 Filtrationandseparationrating 351
9.1 Introduction 351
9.2 Solid/liquidfilterratingstandards 351
9.3 Liquid/liquidseparationratingstandards 355
9.4 Solid/gasseparationratingstandards 357
9.5 Liquid/gasseparationratingstandards 360
9.6 Filterandcoalescercharacterizationmethods 365
References 370
Appendix1:Conversionfactors 373
Appendix2:Cartridgediameterfactors 375
Appendix3:Carbonsteelpressurevesselandnozzlediameters 381
Index 383
About the authors
Thomas H. Wines is currently a Director of Applications Development for Pall
Corporation’s Fluid Technologies and Asset Protection (FTAP) Group in Port
Washington, NY, United States. Prior to assuming the above role, he was a Director
of Product Management, Senior Marketing Manager, and Senior Staff Engineer for
theScientificandLaboratoryServicesDivisionatPall.Hehas33yearsofexperience
in filtration, separation, and purification serving the refinery, gas processing, and
chemical industries, and is a specialist in the fields of liquid(cid:1)gas and liquid(cid:1)liquid
coalescing. He has authored over 50 technical publications and given numerous pre-
sentations in this field at professional societies. He holds a PhD in Chemical
EngineeringfromColumbiaUniversity,andisamemberofAIChE.
Saeid Mokhatabisrecognized globallyasa process technologyexpertinthefields
ofnaturalgasprocessingandliquefiednaturalgas(LNG).Forovertwodecades,he
has been actively involved in different aspects of several large-scale gas processing
andLNGprojects,fromconceptualdesignthroughplantstartupandoperationssup-
port.HehascontributedtotheunderstandingofgasprocessingandLNGknowledge,
practices, and technologies through 300 technical papers and three reference books
(published by Elsevier in the US), which are widely read and highly respected. He
foundedtheElsevierpeer-reviewedJournalofNaturalGasScienceandEngineering
and has served on the editorial/advisory boards of leading professional publications
pertainingtogasprocessingandLNG.Hehasalsobeenanactivememberofseveral
professional societies, including the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and Gas
Processors Association (GPA) Europe, and has served on the technical program/
advisorycommitteeofmanyacclaimedgasprocessingconferencesworldwide.Asa
result of his outstanding work in the natural gas industry, he has received a number
of international awards and medals and has been listed in highly prestigious bio-
graphicaldirectories.
