Construction Technology - An Illustrated Introduction [buildings, architecture

401 Pages·2005·9.38 MB·English

by  Eric Fleming

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Eric Fleming is former lecturer in This primer on construction technology is aimed at people
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just joined the industry from college.It gives a
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comprehensive introduction to every aspect of low-rise
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where construction technology is taught.The author
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demonstrates good practice and common faults using
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detailed drawings paired with clear photos and brief n
explanations of all the elements of the building process.
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The book follows the sequence of construction: s
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● foundations ● stairs ra
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● floors ● plumbing i
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● doors and windows ● electrical t
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The front coverillustrates a solid blockwork wall and brick/block d
and illustrates the most common technical problems that
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cavity wall as a substructure for a timber frame panel construction.
you will meet on site. A set of simple solutions is given c
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for each.These are sound,tried-and-tested solutions;they io
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will meet the current Building Regulations across the UK.
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Site visits have become rare (due to Health & Safety and
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insurance considerations) and newcomers to the industry
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face the difficulty of interpreting a 2-D representation of i
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Eric Fleming
very 3-D realities.The book addresses this problem of
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visualisation of construction scenarios and helps students l
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relate the detail drawings to the actual construction by m
supporting as many of the drawings as possible with i
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photographs of the pieces of work – both in a part-
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finished state and as the completed work.
Cover design by Garth Stewart
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Construction Technology
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Construction Technology:
an illustrated introduction
Eric Fleming
FormerLecturer
ConstructionEconomicsandBuildingConstruction
DepartmentofBuildingEngineeringandSurveying
Heriot-WattUniversity
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(cid:1)c 2005byBlackwellPublishingLtd
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Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany
formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUK
Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.
Firstpublished2005byBlackwellPublishingLtd
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Fleming,Eric.
Constructiontechnology/EricFleming.
p. cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN1-4051-0210-1(pbk.:alk.paper)
1.Building. I.Title.
TH146.F58 2004
690–dc22 2004008229
ISBN1-4051-0210-1
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Contents
Introduction xi
AcknowledgementsandDedication xiii
Abbreviations xiv
1 MasonryConstructioninBricksandBlocks 1
Bricksandblocksstandardsanddimensions 2
Bricks 2
Terminology 2
Bricksizes 2
Nominalsizing 3
Durabilityofbricks 3
Mortarjoints 3
Coordinatingsizes 3
Typesofbrickbyshape 4
Kindsofbrickbyfunction 4
Brickmaterials 5
Testingofbricks 5
Thebondingofbrickstoformwalls 5
Conventiononthicknessesofwalls 8
Typesofbond 9
Verticalalignment 14
Honeycombbrickwork 16
Quoins–analternativedefinition 16
Halfbrickthickwalls 16
Froguporfrogdown 17
‘Tipping’ 17
Commonandfacingbrickwork 18
Facingbrickwork 18
Pointingandjointing 19
Generalprinciplesofbonding 21
Blocks 22
Blockmaterials 22
Concreteblocks 22
Denseandlightweightconcretes 23
Autoclavedaeratedconcrete 23
Dimensionsofstandardmetricblock 23
Whysandwhereforesofmortar 25
Cement 25
Lime 26
Sand 27
Water 27
Whichmortarmix? 27
‘Fat’mixes 28
Generalrulesforselectionofmortar 29
v
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vi Contents
Mortaradditives 30
Mixinginadditives 30
Mixingmortar 31
Goodorbadweather 32
2 Substructures 34
Excavationgenerally 34
Topsoil 35
Subsoils 36
Generalcategorisationofsubsoilsandtheirloadbearingcapacities 37
Foundations 37
Theprincipalconsiderations 38
Simplefoundationcalculations 39
Themassofbuildings 39
Mass,loadandbearingcapacity 40
Foundationwidthandthickness 41
Reinforcedconcretefoundations 44
Failureofwide,thin,stripfoundations 44
Trenchfillfoundations 45
Criticallevelsanddepths 46
Level 46
Finishedgroundlevel 47
Bearingstrata 48
Depthsandlevels 48
Stepinfoundation 49
Settingout 49
Thesiteplan 49
Wheredoweputthebuilding? 49
Equipmentrequiredforbasicsettingout 49
Settingoutprocedure 50
Excavation 53
Markingouttheexcavation 53
Excavationforandplacingconcretefoundations–andnot
wastingmoneydoingit 53
BuildingmasonrywallsfromfoundationuptoDPClevel 57
Groundfloorconstruction 59
Detaildrawings 59
Wall–floorinterfacesgenerally 62
Precautions 62
Solidconcretefloors 62
Singleanddoublelayerconcretefloorswithhollowmasonrywall 62
Hungfloors 64
Hungtimberfloors 64
Hungtimberflooralternatives 66
Hungconcretefloors 67
Blockworksubstructure 71
3 WallsandPartitions 73
General 73
Requirements 74
Walls–environmentalcontrol 75
Heatlossandthermalcapacity 75
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Contents vii
Resistancetoweather–precipitation 75
Airinfiltration 77
Noisecontrol 79
Fire 79
Dimensionalstability 79
Wallsofbrickandblockwork 81
Insulationofexternalwalls 84
Timberframeconstruction 88
Traditionaltimberframe 88
Moderntimberframeconstruction 91
Loadbearingandnon-loadbearinginternalpartitions 96
Expansionjoints 99
4 TimberUpperFloors 103
Upperfloorjoists 103
Linearandpointloadingsonupperfloors 112
Openingsinupperfloors 113
Forpipes 113
Forflues 114
Forstairs 116
Alternativematerialsforjoisting 118
Soundproofing 120
Modernsoundandfireproofing 121
Supportofmasonrywalls 123
Floorfinishes 124
Ceilingfinishes 124
5 OpeningsinMasonryWalls 126
Forsmallpipesandcables 126
Forlargerpipesandventilators 127
Largeopeningsinmasonrywalls 127
Alternativesillarrangements 136
Thresholdarrangements 137
Partitionsofmasonry 139
Openingsintimberframewalls 141
6 RoofStructure 148
Roofclassifications 148
Prefabrication 149
Trussedroofs 150
Thetrussedrafter 153
Vergesmeeteaves 159
Roofbracing 160
Flatroofsintimber 162
Insulation,vapourcontrollayersandvoidsandventilation 164
Traditionalroofs 167
Roofinsulation 169
7 RoofCoverings 171
Tileandslatematerials 171
Slates 175
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viii Contents
Plaintiles 175
Interlockingtiles 176
Timbershingles 176
Bituminousshingles 176
Pantiles 177
SpanishandRomantiles 177
Edgesandabutments 178
8 Doors 182
Functionsofdoorsandwindows–obviousandnotsoobvious 182
Typesofdoor 184
Ledgedandbraceddoors 185
Boundliningdoors 185
Flushpaneldoors 187
Panelleddoors 188
Pressedpaneldoors 189
15panedoors 190
Hangingadoor 190
Fireresistantdoors 193
Smokeseals 195
Glazing 196
Ironmongery 196
9 Windows 204
Timbercasementwindows 205
Depthandheightofglazingrebates 206
Timberforcasementwindows 206
Draughtstrippingmaterials 206
Hangingthecasements 207
Joiningtheframeandcasementmembers 209
Timbersashandcasewindows 211
Thecase 212
Thesashesandcasetogether 214
Verticalslidingsashwindows 214
Glazing 218
Forordinaryglazingwork 218
10 Stairs 221
Landings 222
Steps 222
Balustrades 223
Measurements 224
Joiningstepstostringer 225
Winders 227
11 MutualWalls 228
Transmissionofsound 228
Calculationofsurfacedensity 228
Walltypes 229
Fireresistance 231
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Contents ix
12 PlumbingandHeating 233
Pipework 233
Pipefittings–couplingsandconnections 234
Rangeoffittings 239
Valvesandcocks 241
Servicesgenerally 243
Hotandcoldwaterservices 243
Soilandventilationstacks 246
Overflows 246
Watersupplyfromthemain 246
Equipment 247
Coldwaterstoragecisterns 248
Hotwaterstoragecylinders 248
Feedandexpansiontanks 251
Centralheating 252
Pipingforcentralheatingsystems 253
Emitters 255
Appliances 255
Wastedisposalpipingandsystems 259
Insulation 262
Corrosion 263
Airlockingandwaterhammer 263
Firstfixings 264
13 ElectricalWork 266
Powergeneration 266
Wiringinstallationtypes 267
Sub-mainsandconsumercontrolunits 268
Sub-circuits 270
Workstages 272
Electrician’sroughing 272
Earthbonding 273
Finalfix 275
Testingandcertification 275
Moreonprotectivedevices 275
Wiringdiagrams 276
Accessories 277
Appendices:
A MapsandPlans 279
B LevellingUsingtheDumpyLevel 285
C Timber,StressGrading,Jointing,FloorBoarding 291
D PlainandReinforcedIn-situConcrete 316