Construction and testing of a laboratory fluid flow apparatus.

66 Pages·2016·3.93 MB·English

by  Richard W. Dehoney

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Electronic Theses and Dissertations
1936
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Richard W. Dehoney
University of Louisville
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Dehoney, Richard W., "Construction and testing of a laboratory fluid flow apparatus." (1936). Electronic
Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1779.
https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1779
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UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE
OONSTRUOTION AND TESTING OF A LABORATORY FLUID FLOW APPARATUS
A Dissertation
Submitted to the Faoulty
Of the Graduate School of the University of Louisville
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
Of Master of SOienoe in
Ohemioal Engineering
Department of Ohemical Engineering
By
Richard W.
D~honey
19,6
.",
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List Of Tabl ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. iii
Liat Of Cury ••••••••••••..•••••••••••••••••••••••.•...••.•.•..•••.• 111
List ot Illu.tratlonl ••••...•••.••..•••..••••.••..•..•....••.••.••• 111
Li.t Of Bym.bola ....................................................• 1"1
Ac-krlowledgrnent. • • • • . . . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • . • . • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• v
.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .
Introduction •••••
1
.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Theoretical •••• 4
Apparatu ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20
Procedure •..................•..................................•••• 29
Data And Result •••••••••.••••••.••.•.••••••.••••••••••..•••.•.••••• '2
Oone 1u s ions ••••.••....•••.•.••.•...•.•.••..•••••.•.•..•.••...•••••• 55-
Bib11ograpllJ' ••...•.........••.....••••••..••••.••••••.••••.•••••••• !as
.' ~
i11
LIST OF TABLES
Page
'9
Tabl. I Oalibration of a Venturi M.t.r ••..••••••.•••••••••••
Table II Oalibration of an Orifice M.t.r •.••••••••••••••••••• 41
Tabl. III Lo •• of H.ad in a On. Inoh Globe Valv............... 44
Tabl. I .. Lo.. of Head in a U-Bend with a Nine & One-Half Inch
Spacer. • • . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . • . . . • • . . . • . . . • . • • • . • • . . . • . • 46
Tabl. V LOl. of H.ad Due to Friction in a Long Pipe from
Water Data.......................................... 49
Tabl. VI Lo.. of H.ad Du. to Friction in a Long Pip. from Gal
Oil Data. (Degr ••• A.P.I •• ,a) ••.•.•••••••••••••• 51
Tabl. VII Lo.. of H.ad Du. to Friotion in a Long Pipe from
Blend.d Gas & Fuel Oil Data. (Degr.e. A.P.I.:: ~). 52
Tabl. VIII Loa. of Head Du. to Friotion in a Long Pipe from
Blended Gal & Fu.l Oil Data. (Degr.e. A.P.I. • ~l. 5,
LIST OF CURVES
Figure I V.nturi M.t.r Calibration Curv• ••••••••••••••••••••• 40
Figur. II Orific. M.ter Calibration OUrv •••••••••••••••••••••• 42
Figure III Curv. Showing Relation betwe.n Velocity and LOl. of
Head in a Glob. Valv •••••••••••••••••••.•••.•••••••• 45
Figur. IV Curve ShoWing Relation between V.locity and Loaa of
Head in aU-Bend •••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 47
Figure V Fanning Friotion Factor. For a Long Straight Pip.... 54
ILST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Illu.tration I Labora~ory Fluid Flow Unit ••••••••.•••••••••••• 21
iv
LIST OF SnooLS
Symbol Quantity Unit.
D Pipe diameter Ft.
V Velocity Ft. per sec.
Density Lb. per ou.ft.
P
u Absolute viscosity LLb. per .eo.per ft.
·X Elevation head Ft.
g Acceleration of gravity Ft. per sec. per sec
p Pressure Lb. per sq.ft.
,
Lost Head due to friction Ft.
f Friction factor No units
*w Work done on or by fluid Ft. - Lb. per lb.
Differential head Ft. of fluid
Coefficient of Discharge No units
Length Ft.
Weight rate of flow Lb. per sec
Drop in pressure du. to friction Lb. per sq.ft.
Reynold's Number No unit.
Time Seconds
r Roughness factor No units.
*
(All symbols except those noted are in accord with the list of
symboLS adopted by the Standards Committe. of the Amerioan Insiitute
of Chemical Engin• •r s.)
----------------~~~~-~-~~~-
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author of this thesis
wishes to acknowledge
the kind aid and helpful suggestion. ot
Dr. R. O. Ernst
who directed this research.
1
CHAPTER I
INTOODUCTION
2
This investigation consisted in the con.truction and testing of an
apparatus to b, used for the laboratory etudy of the flow of fluids
ia pipes. The apparatus, illustration I, consists of the arrange-
ment of pipe. and in.truments to measure flow by three standard
methods, i.e., the orifice, the venturi, and the pitot meter. Each
flow meter is connected to a pres8ure measuring instrument called a
manometer. The rate of flow in a pipe is determined from the pres-
sure reading on the manometer. Manometers are used to determine
the loss of energy caused by the sudden enlargement or contraction
of the channel through which the fluid is passing; the loss of
energy caused by a combination of friction and the turbulence created
.. when the fluid passes through a globe valve or around a bend; and
, .
the 108s of energy caused by the friction of the fluid flowing in a
long straight pipe.
The chemical engineer is conoerned with the transportation of fluids
of varying viscosity and density. A study of the effect of viscosity
and density on the friction loss in the long pipe was made by em-
ploying water and blends of hydrocarbon oill. A light gas oil (Say-
bolt viscosity of forty-two seconds at twenty-six degrees Oentigrade)
and a heavy ruel oil (saybolt visco.ity of fifteen-hundred seconds at
twenty-six degrees Oentigrade) properly blended were used in this study.
Water only was used in that section of the apparatus where the flow
measuring instruments, the valve, and the U-bends.were located.
A laboratory fluid flow apparatus was constructed to measure the flow
of fluids by the orifice, the venturi, and the pitot meters and to
measure the loss of head in valves, U-bends etc., and to study the
effects of viecosity and density on the loss of head caused by friction
in a long straight pipe.
4
OHAPTER II
THroRE~rrC AL