Table Of ContentConstruction 4.0
Advanced Technology, Tools and Materials for the Digital
Transformation of the Construction Industry
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering
Construction 4.0
Advanced Technology, Tools and Materials for
the Digital Transformation of the Construction
Industry
Marco Casini
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Contents
Abouttheauthor ix 2.2 Climateandcontextadaptivedesign 71
Acknowledgments xi 2.2.1 Newbuildingoperational
Introduction xiii performancetargets 72
2.2.2 Contextanalysis 96
2.2.3 Climateanalysis 103
Part I 2.3 Holisticdesignstrategies 115
Challenges and opportunities for a 2.3.1 Buildinggeometry 115
2.3.2 Buildingenvelope 131
new construction industry 1
2.3.3 Buildingsystems 133
2.3.4 Buildingintegratedrenewable
1 Toward a new building era 3
energy 136
2.3.5 Landscapeandvegetation 139
1.1 Constructionindustry:economicand
2.3.6 Designforconstructionand
societalrelevance 3
deconstruction 140
1.1.1 Laborproductivityandsafety 4
2.4 Conclusionandfuturetrends 147
1.1.2 Newcenturymegatrendsfor
References 148
construction 8
1.2 Energyandenvironmentalimpactof
3 Building digital revolution 151
buildings 10
1.2.1 Stateofplanet:timetoact 10
3.1 Construction4.0technologydrivers 151
1.2.2 Buildingsasakeypartofthe
3.1.1 Buildinginformationmodeling 153
energyandenvironmentalsystem 16
3.1.2 Cloudandedgecomputing 155
1.2.3 Sustainablebuildingsand
3.1.3 Internetofthings 157
constructionpolicies 20
3.1.4 5Gnetwork 159
1.3 Low-carbonandsustainablecities 24
3.1.5 Artificialintelligenceandmachine
1.4 Builtenvironmentandcirculareconomy 28
learning 160
1.4.1 Circulareconomyparadigm 30
3.1.6 BigDataandadvancedanalytics 162
1.4.2 Acircularmodelforconstruction 31
3.1.7 Nanotechnology 164
1.5 Climatepositiveandsmartbuildings 34
3.2 Digitalbuildinglifecycle 165
1.5.1 Zeroenergybuildings 35
3.2.1 Augmenteddigitaldesign 167
1.5.2 Greenbuildings 37
3.2.2 Connectedconstruction 174
1.5.3 Smartbuildings 40
3.2.3 Smartoperation 181
1.6 Towardadigitalfutureforconstruction 45
3.3 Conclusionandfuturetrends 183
1.6.1 Construction4.0technologies 50
References 184
1.6.2 BenefitsofConstruction4.0 53
1.7 Conclusionsandfuturetrends 55
References 56
Part II
Building modeling and advanced
2 Holistic building design approach 61 digital design tools 187
2.1 Lifecycledesign 61
4 Building information modeling 189
2.1.1 Lifecycleanalysisofbuildings 64
2.1.2 Lifecycledesignstrategies 66 4.1 Theroadtobuildinginformation
2.1.3 Buildinglifecyclecosting 70 modeling 189
v
vi Contents
4.2 Buildinginformationmodelingand 5.4.1 BIM-BEMinteroperability 255
multidimensionaldesign 192 5.4.2 Parametricenergymodeling 256
4.2.1 Projectandassetinformation 5.4.3 BIMandlifecycleanalysis
models 194 integration 258
4.2.2 Levelsofdevelopmentofabuilding 5.5 Conclusionandfuturetrends 260
informationmodel 195 References 260
4.2.3 Buildinginformationmodeling
dimensions 196
4.2.4 Buildinginformationmodeling 6 Advanced digital design tools and
softwaretools 199 methods 263
4.3 Applicationofbuildinginformation
6.1 Advancedsurveysystems 263
modelingalongtheconstructionvalue
6.1.1 Aerialmapping 263
chain 204
6.1.2 Geographicinformationsystem 266
4.3.1 Designdevelopment 204
6.1.3 Onsitesurvey 271
4.3.2 Buildinginformationmodeling
6.2 Real-time3Dvisualization 280
intheconstructionphase 206
6.3 Extendedrealityindesign 282
4.3.3 Buildinginformationmodeling
6.3.1 Virtualreality 283
intheoperationphase 207
6.3.2 Augmentedandmixedreality 292
4.4 Buildinginformationmodeling
6.4 Computationalandgenerativedesign 298
informationrequirements 207
6.4.1 Parametricdesign 299
4.4.1 Exchangeinformationrequirements 208
6.4.2 Generativedesign 301
4.4.2 Buildinginformationmodeling
6.4.3 Parametricandgenerativedesign
executionplan 208
software 317
4.4.3 Buildinginformationmodeling
6.5 Designfordigitalfabrication 321
rolesandprofessions 209
6.6 Conclusionsandfuturetrends 329
4.5 Buildinginformationmodelingmaturity
References 331
levels 210
4.6 Collaborativepracticesand
standardization 213
Part III
4.6.1 Buildinginformationmodeling
standardization 213 Advanced materials, technologies,
4.6.2 Commondataenvironment 213 and building construction methods 335
4.6.3 Interoperability 215
4.7 Conclusionandfuturetrends 217
7 Advanced construction materials 337
References 218
7.1 Advancedmaterialsforconstruction4.0 337
7.2 Nanomaterials 339
7.3 Smartmaterials 340
5 Building performance simulation
7.3.1 Shapememorymaterials 341
tools 221
7.3.2 Smartsensors 344
5.1 Basicprinciplesofbuildingperformance 7.4 Bio-basedmaterials 345
simulation 221 7.4.1 Bio-basedinsulationandphase
5.1.1 Buildingperformancemetrics 223 changematerials 348
5.1.2 BPSapplications 225 7.4.2 Bio-bricks 351
5.2 BPSsoftwaretools 241 7.5 Advancedbuildingproducts 353
5.2.1 DOE-2 245 7.5.1 Advancedconcrete 353
5.2.2 EnergyPlus 245 7.5.2 Engineeredmasstimberstructures 359
5.2.3 IESvirtualenvironment 248 7.5.3 High-performanceinsulators 366
5.3 Dataandaccuracyforbuilding 7.5.4 Dynamicwindows 372
performancesimulation 250 7.5.5 Smartcoatings 376
5.3.1 Occupantbehavior 251 7.5.6 Mimeticphotovoltaics 387
5.3.2 Weatherdata 253 7.6 Conclusionandfuturetrends 398
5.4 IntegrationwithBIM 255 References 399
Contents vii
8 Advanced building construction Part IV
methods 405 Smart building operation and
8.1 Prefabricationandoff-siteconstruction management 523
methods 405
8.1.1 2Dpanelizedsolutions 408 10 Building automation systems 525
8.1.2 3Dvolumetricassembly 409
10.1 Systemarchitecture,components,and
8.1.3 Modularbuildings 409
services 525
8.1.4 Roboticoff-siteprefabrication 412
10.2 BAStopology 528
8.2 Roboticfabricationonsite 414
10.2.1 Controllers,sensors,and
8.2.1 Singletaskconstructionrobots 417
actuators 528
8.2.2 Biomorphicrobots 422
10.2.2 Communicationinfrastructure
8.2.3 Humanaugmentation 425
andprotocols 530
8.2.4 Autonomousandteleoperated
10.2.3 InternetofThingsforsmart
vehicles 429
buildings 535
8.2.5 Roboticon-sitefactories 436
10.3 Connectedservices 538
8.3 Additivemanufacturinginconstruction 438
10.3.1 Energymanagementsystem 538
8.3.1 3Dprintingprocessesand
10.3.2 HVACandDHWautomation 540
technologies 441
10.3.3 Smartlighting 541
8.3.2 3Dprintingofbuildingcomponents 451
10.3.4 Adaptivefacades 544
8.3.3 Buildingscale3Dprinting 460
10.3.5 Watermanagement 546
8.4 Conclusionsandfuturetrends 466
10.4 Controlstrategies 548
References 466
10.4.1 Traditionalcontrolstrategies 549
10.4.2 Advancedcontrolstrategies 551
10.4.3 Modelpredictivecontrol 552
9 Advanced site management tools 10.4.4 Reinforcedlearning 565
and methods 471 10.5 Advancedhumaninterfaces 567
10.6 SmartHome 569
9.1 Digitalconstructionmanagement 471
10.6.1 Smarthomeservices 571
9.1.1 Constructionmanagementsoftware 472
10.6.2 Connectedhomes 574
9.1.2 Virtualdesignandconstruction 474
10.7 Conclusionandfuturetrends 576
9.1.3 BIMandleanconstruction 478
References 577
9.1.4 Constructionsitedigitaltwin 481
9.1.5 Smartcontractsandblockchain 482
9.2 Dronesinconstruction 484
11 Advanced facility management 583
9.2.1 Unmannedaerialvehicles 485
9.2.2 Topographysurveying 487 11.1 Buildingfacilitymanagement 583
9.2.3 Worksitesupervisionandbuilding 11.1.1 Buildingmaintenancepolicies 584
inspection 491 11.1.2 Computer-aidedfacility
9.3 Wearabledevicesinconstruction 494 management 585
9.3.1 Usesandbenefits 494 11.1.3 BIM-enhancedfacility
9.3.2 Wearabledevicesonthemarket 496 management 586
9.4 Extendedrealityinconstruction 500 11.2 Predictivebuildingmaintenance 587
9.4.1 Virtualrealityinconstruction 500 11.3 Extendedrealityinbuildingoperation 590
9.4.2 Augmentedrealityinconstruction 503 11.3.1 Virtualrealityinmaintenance 590
9.4.3 Mixedrealityinconstruction 504 11.3.2 Augmentedrealityin
9.5 Connectedconstructionsites 507 maintenance 591
9.6 Artificialintelligenceinconstruction 509 11.3.3 Mixedrealityinmaintenance 592
9.6.1 Artificialintelligenceas-a-service 510 11.4 Digitaltwin 594
9.6.2 Artificialintelligence-enabled 11.4.1 Digitaltwinstructure 596
software-as-a-service 516 11.4.2 Digitalbuildingtwin 599
9.7 Conclusionsandfuturetrends 518 11.5 Conclusionandfuturetrends 603
References 519 References 604
viii Contents
12 Smart buildings and smart cities 607 12.3 Smartenergybuildings 628
12.3.1 Buildingintegratedrenewable
12.1 Smartcity 607
energy 629
12.1.1 BigDataandmachinelearning 611
12.3.2 Buildingelectricitystorage 646
12.1.2 Smartcitydigitaltwin 613
12.3.3 Vehicletobuilding 650
12.2 Smartenergyinfrastructure 616
12.3.4 Demandresponse 652
12.2.1 Smartgrids 620
12.4 Conclusionsandfuturetrends 655
12.2.2 Smartmeters 622
References 656
12.2.3 Microgrids 622
12.2.4 Theroleofhydrogenin
Index 661
decarbonization 623
12.2.5 Modelingtoolsforurbanenergy
systemplanning 627
About the author
Prof. Marco Casini is a leading academic in the green and smart building sector with over 25 years of experience in
buildingsciences.
He is an environmental engineer with a PhD in environmental engineering and is associate professor in Technology
of Architecture at Sapienza University of Rome where, since 2002, he has been teaching in several master’s degrees,
PhD, and graduate schools on subjects pertaining to energy and environmental sustainability for buildings. Since 2014
heisalsoprofessorattheItalianNationalSchoolofAdministration(SNA)—PresidencyoftheCouncilofMinisters.
He is a member of the Scientific Committee of the master’s degrees in “Building Information Modeling”, in
“Digital Twin and Artificial Intelligence” and in “Management of Heritage Real Estate,” member of the Teaching
Council of the PhD in Planning, Design, and Technology of Architecture, and member of the Technical-Scientific
Committee on Sustainability of Sapienza University of Rome. He also has been the Director of the Sapienza
International Summer School “BIM and GIS for digital integrated design” and faculty advisor and project manager of
TeamSapienzaparticipatinginSolarDecathlonMiddleEast2018.
Prof. Casini’s area of expertise concerns sustainable architectural design and construction, focusing on advanced
materials, technologies, and strategies for smart buildings and smart cities. He has worked as a scientific coordinator
and principal investigator on major projects, including the development of “Italian national system for the certification
of environmental sustainability of buildings—Protocollo ITACA” and the preparation of the Sustainable Energy Action
PlanofthecityofRome.
Prof. Casini’sprofessionalactivityincludesinternational scientific andtechnical consultancy on technological, envi-
ronmental, and energy aspects related to the design and construction of high-performance buildings, as well as training
on green building and smart cities strategies and policymaking for Italian public authorities (Prime Minister’s Cabinet,
Ministry of Internal Affairs, Regione Lazio). Design activity includes Zero Energy, Green and SmartBuildings projects
fornewandretrofitinterventions.
He has been a member of several public technical working groups (Italian Environment Protection Agency, UNI,
Bank of Italy, and the Italian technical body of the Conference of Regions and Autonomous Provinces, Regione Lazio)
forthedevelopmentofspecificstandardsonenvironmentallysustainableconstruction.
Prof.CasiniistheEditor-in-chiefofthescientificjournalPonteandamemberoftheeditorialboardsandareviewer
of several other international peer-reviewed scientific journals in the fields of engineering and architecture. He carries
out an intense scientific dissemination activity by participating as a keynote speaker in numerous international confer-
ences. He has authored over 80 scientific publications on building science and architecture technology, including 10
books among which “Smart buildings: Advanced materials and nanotechnology to improve energy-efficiency and envi-
ronmentalperformance”(WoodheadPublishingElsevier,2016).
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