Constraints and Solutions for Energy and Electricity Development

318 Pages·2019·4.706 MB·English

by  Zhixuan Wang

Editor
Zhixuan Wang
Constraints
and Solutions
for Energy
and Electricity
Development
Constraints and Solutions for Energy and Electricity
Development
Zhixuan Wang
Editor
Constraints and Solutions
for Energy and Electricity
Development
123
Editor
Zhixuan Wang
ChinaElectricity Council
Beijing
China
ISBN978-981-10-8302-0 ISBN978-981-10-8304-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8304-4
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Preface
The sustainable development of energy and electric power is the basis of sustain-
abledevelopmentofnationaleconomyandenergy,andelectricpowerisrelatedto
economic development, social stability, and national security. At present, China is
in the middle of industrialization, in the third step of the three-step development
strategy of modernization, and in the rapid development stage of industrialization
and urbanization which is characterized by a sharp rise in energy and electricity
consumption demand, putting forward higher requirements for energy production
and supply. In this book, energy development is defined as energy production and
supply; from the perspective of meeting China’s energy demands to analyze the
major constraints on energy development and seek possible solutions. As electric
power is the core of energy development based on coal in China, analysis of
constraints on electric power and coal development as well as of the solutions is
essential to energy development. This book focuses on the research on electric
power and coal.
With the scientific concept of development as guidance, this book adheres to
safe, clean, and conservation development of energy and electric power as its
fundamental concept and provides scientific analysis of the various factors related
to energy and electricity production and consumption. Through discriminant
analysis, we identified resource endowment, environmental protection, water
resources, and climate change adaptations are the four major factors constraining
energyandelectricpowerdevelopment.Theconstraintofnaturalresourcesmainly
refers to the limitation of sustainable development of electric power due to
incompatibilitybetweenthegrowingdemandsofenergyandelectricpowerandthe
supply of resources. The constraint of environmental protection mainly means
energy development is limited due to incompatibility between the demands for
social and economic development, and environmental pollution and ecological
damage caused by unsustainable development of energy, especially unscientific
development and utilization of coal. The constraint of water resources mainly
means energy exploitation is restricted by the quantity of water resources and
destructionofwaterresourcesasaresultofenergydevelopment.Theconstraintof
climate change adaptations mainly refers to energy development and related
v
vi Preface
greenhouse gas emissions, energy structure adjustment and energy conservation,
and emission reduction measures, which are subject to the political decisions and
administrative requirements made by the Chinese government.
Based on the analysis of the medium- and long-term energy and electric power
demand, this book also analyzes the present situation of the above-mentioned four
constraint factors, the relationship between the constraint factors and the impacted
targets,thechangingtrendoftheconstraintfactors,correlationsbetweenconstraint
factors,and the resolutions based on technologies andeconomic policies. Through
comprehensiveanalysisandsystemoptimization,thisbookproposedprogramsand
policy recommendations to overcome the constraints. To resolve the constraint of
energy and resources, countermeasures must be a positive change in energy
development model. Based on domestic resource endowments, following the
objective law of energy and economic development and understanding globaliza-
tionandmarketoftheworldwiththetrendoflow-carbonenergy,weshouldadhere
to a comprehensive development strategy focusing on coal as the main body of
energy, electricity as the center of development, and oil and gas along with con-
tinuous development of renewable energy. In order to solve the constraint of
environmental protection, coal industry should vigorously reform the industrial
structure and continue to take various effective measures to actively promote coal
washing and processing and extend the industrial chain; the coal-fired power
industry should effectively control air pollution at the regional level, by adjusting
the layout and structure of power plants, strengthening management, and using
advanced pollution control technologies and devices; the hydropower industry
should focus on constraints of ecological and social environment in different
development stages. For the constraint of water resources, this book suggests a
comprehensive consideration of the layout of the thermal power to match regional
water resource conditions during the “12th Five-Year Plan” and “13th Five-Year
Plan”periodsandinordertoimprovespatialadaptationofthermalpowerandwater
resources. In terms of the constraint of the climate change, it proposes that as the
major source of China’s carbon dioxide emissions, the electric power industry
should accelerate the reformation of the electric power structure, vigorously
develop non-fossil renewable energy, constantly improve coal power generation
efficiency and clean utilization level, and accelerate the construction of legal and
regulatory system for the market mechanism in favor of reducing greenhouse gas
emissions.
Fromlong-termandmacroscopicperspective,thisbookwillhelpclarifyseveral
problems which must be solved in China’s sustainable energy development. First,
China’s sustained energy demand and growth will put great pressure on energy
supply. Second, relative shortage of resources restricts the development of the
energy industry. Third, the coal-dominated energy structure and poor energy effi-
ciency have negative impacts on environmental protection. Fourth, the relatively
outdatedenergytechnologieslimittheimprovementoftheenergysupplycapacity.
Fifth,thechangesintheinternationalenergymarketposeamajorthreattonation’s
energy security. To resolve the above-mentioned problems, energy structure
reformation must be further accelerated. In 2012, coal, petroleum, natural gas, and
Preface vii
renewable energy including hydropower and nuclear power accounted for 66.0,
18.4, 5.8, and 9.8% of total energy consumption, respectively. Compared with the
rapid growth of total energy consumption, the reformation of energy consumption
structureisquiteslow.Tomeetthetargetofnon-fossilenergyconsumptionat15%
of total energy consumption by 2020, it is necessary to perform further studies on
change in of the energy development model and improve the proportion of
hydropower, wind power, solar power, and other renewable energy sources.
Thisbookincludesresearchmethods ofdata analysis, regulatory policyreview,
analysis of constraint factors, and the prediction of major issues related to the
nation’s“12thFive-YearPlan.”Inthecourseofthestudy,firstofall,weperformed
targeted data collection. On the one hand, we summarized and analyzed existing
data collected by the author’s team in industrial statistics and long-term archived
database as well as the research results of the research group members in recent
years; on theother hand, we gathered national or industrialauthoritative reportsas
wellasrelevantresearchresultsinChinaandotherforeigncountries.Secondly,we
conductednumbersofsurveysintheformofestablishingexpertpanels,organizing
special surveys, and held relevant workshops. Finally, we used the method of
comparativestudytoanalyzeChina’senergydevelopmentpatterns.Inaddition,we
learntlessonsfromforeignexperience,focusedonthecorrelationofqualitativeand
quantitative analysis and the interactive coordination between this research and
other related studies, and made this research comprehensively and innovatively.
Zhixuan Wang is in charge of the framework, general ideas, technical route
design, and overall compilation of the book; Li Pan is responsible for overall
organizationandcoordination;JingjieZhangtakeschargeoftheorganizationofall
chaptersandsystemintegration.Theauthorsofallchaptersinvolvedindiscussions
throughout the book. Chapter 1 is written by Zhixuan Wang and Jingjie Zhang;
Chap.2byLiPanandJingjieZhang;Chap.3byFanYang,JieTan,andXinSui;
Chap.4byDongshengWangandJingYin;Chap.5byFanYangandJieTan;and
Chap. 6 by Zhixuan Wang, Li Pan, Jingjie Zhang, and Peitang Guo. Wang
Chenglong did the data checking. Xin Qiu made overall edit, quality control, and
assuranceforChinesetoEnglishtranslation.Wewouldliketoexpressmyheartfelt
thanks to the authors of the relevant literature cited in this book.
Due to the limitation in time and capability, omissions and improprieties are
inevitable. We sincerely invite readers to help us criticize and correct them.
Beijing, China Zhixuan Wang
November 2015
Contents
1 Energy and Development Constraint Factor Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Zhixuan Wang and Jingjie Zhang
2 Energy Development Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Li Pan and Jingjie Zhang
3 Analysis of Environmental Protection Constraint of Energy
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Fan Yang, Jie Tan and Xin Sui
4 Water Resource Constraints for Energy Development . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Dongsheng Wang and Jing Yin
5 CountermeasuresAgainstClimateChangeConstraintsforEnergy
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Fan Yang and Jie Tan
6 Optimization of the Energy Development System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Zhixuan Wang, Li Pan, Jingjie Zhang and Peitang Guo
Afterword .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 305
References.... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 307
Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 311
ix
Abstract
Withthethrivingoftheenergyrevolutioncharacterizedbyusingrenewableenergy
resources to generate green electric power and gradually replace traditional fossil
fuels, this book studies and puts forward the method for analyzing the factors
constraining energy development. It revolves around China’s energy production
andelectricpowerconversion,focusesonfourmajorconstraintsincludingresource
endowment, environmental protection, water resources, and climate change, ana-
lyzes the energy development and medium- to long-term energy demand in the
world and China, and constructs the index system of sustainable energy develop-
ment and the target values of the planning in terms of developing energy and
electric power in four dimensions: being safe, clean, resource-saving, and eco-
nomical, and in two aspects: productivity and production relations. Based on the
four major constraint factors, it studies and analyzes the relationship between
constraint factors and the targets impacted by them, the changing trend of the
constraint factors, correlation between constraint factors and technical and eco-
nomicpoliciesthatcansolvetheseconstraints.Itputsforwardthatwemustactively
change energy development model, rely on China’s natural resources, follow the
objective law of energy and economic development, grasp the trend of the world
energy globalization, marketization, and low carbonization, and insist the electric
power-focused strategy of developing oil, gas, and new energy resources in a
comprehensive way. In addition, the authors suggest that the coal industry should
vigorously adjust the industrial structure and continue to take various effective
measurestoactivelypromotecoalwashingandprocessingandextendtheindustrial
chain; the coal-fired power generation industry should further improve power
generation efficiency and reduce carbon emissions intensity, use the joint preven-
tion and control policy to control air pollution in key areas, adjust power supply
layout and structure, give full consideration to improving regional water resource
conditions and spatial adaptation of power supply, and use advanced pollution
xi
xii Abstract
controltechnologies to effectively controlpollutants;thehydropower development
should provide solutions to overcome constraints of ecological environment and
constraints of social environment in different stages.
This book can be used as a reference for who are engaged in energy research,
planning and environmental protection as well as a reference for college and uni-
versity’s undergraduate and graduate students.