Conservation: Economics, Science, and Policy

449 Pages·2021·22.178 MB·English

by  Charles Perrings and Ann Kinzig

Conservation

Conservation
Economics, Science, and Policy
Charles Perrings and Ann Kinzig
1
3
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
© Oxford University Press 2021
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction
rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.
Library of Congress Cataloging-i n- Publication Data
Names: Perrings, Charles, author. | Kinzig, Ann P. (Ann Patricia) author.
Title: Conservation : economics, science, and policy / Charles Perrings
and Ann Kinzig, Tempe, Arizona.
Description: New York : Oxford University Press, 2021. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020046931 (print) | LCCN 2020046932 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780190613600 (hardback) | ISBN 9780190613617 (paperback) |
ISBN 9780190613631 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Conservation of natural resources. |
Conservation of natural resources—Decision making.
Classification: LCC S936.P47 2020 (print) | LCC S936 (ebook) | DDC 333.72—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020046931
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020046932
DOI: 10.1093/ oso/ 9780190613600.001.0001
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Paperback printed by LSC Communications, United States of America
Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America
In memory of
Georgina Mace (1953–2 020) and Karl-G öran Mäler (1939–2 020)
two wonderful people
whose enduring contributions to science have influenced much
of our thinking

Contents
Preface  xi
List of Figures  xv
List of Tables  xix
List of Abbreviations  xxi
1 Environmental Conservation and Environmental Change  1
1.1 Introduction  1
1.2 The biological record  7
1.3 Implications for conservation  10
1.4 Plan of the book  19
PART I THE ECONOMIC THEORY OF CONSERVATION
2 The Decision Problem  27
2.1 Introduction  27
2.2 Elements of the decision problem  29
2.3 A numerical example: the wine storage problem  41
2.4 Summary and conclusions  44
3 Hotelling Conservation  47
3.1 Introduction  47
3.2 The Hotelling arbitrage condition  48
3.3 Hotelling prices and quantities  53
3.4 Renewable natural resources and the Hotelling arbitrage condition  56
3.5 Connecting Hotelling conservation and conservation biology  67
3.6 Summary and conclusions  69
4 The Conservation of Renewable Resources  72
4.1 Introduction  72
4.2 Marine capture fisheries  74
4.3 Forests and forestry  86
4.4 Rangelands  94
4.5 Summary and conclusions  100
PART II VALUATION
5 The Valuation of Environmental Goods and Services  107
5.1 Introduction  107
5.2 The basis of value  108
5.3 Ecosystem services and the value of nonmarketed
environmental resources  114
viii Contents
5.4 The valuation of provisioning and cultural services  117
5.5 Revealed preference methods  119
5.6 Stated preference methods  124
5.7 The valuation of regulating services  130
5.8 Summary and conclusions  134
6 The Valuation of Environmental Assets  140
6.1 Introduction  140
6.2 Sustainability and the value of environmental assets  141
6.3 The value of environmental assets in the national accounts  145
6.4 Inclusive wealth  148
6.5 Environmental assets and total factor productivity  152
6.6 Summary and conclusions  156
7 Substitutability and the Valuation of Natural Capital  159
7.1 Introduction  159
7.2 Substitution in production  160
7.3 Substitution in a generalized model of joint production  168
7.4 Substitution and public goods  170
7.5 Net substitutes and complements  173
7.6 Conditional substitutes and complements  176
7.7 Summary and conclusions  178
PART III ALIGNING THE PRIVATE AND SOCIAL VALUE
OF NATURAL RESOURCES
8 Environmental Public Goods  185
8.1 Introduction  185
8.2 The optimal provision of public goods  187
8.3 Types of public goods  192
8.4 Strategic behavior and the provision of public goods  198
8.5 Resolving the public goods problem  202
8.6 Summary and conclusions  204
9 Environmental Externalities  207
9.1 Introduction  207
9.2 The nature of environmental externalities  210
9.3 Unidirectional externalities  211
9.4 Positional externalities  216
9.5 Public externalities  219
9.6 Aligning private and social value  223
9.7 Summary and conclusions  230
10 Poverty, Value, and Conservation  234
10.1 Introduction  234
10.2 Income effects and poverty  237
10.3 Poverty- population- environment  240
Contents ix
10.4 Per capita income growth and conservation  243
10.5 Wealth, property rights, and conservation  246
10.6 Summary and conclusions  250
11 Conservation in Protected Areas  255
11.1 Introduction  255
11.2 Protected area design: ecological principles  257
11.3 Protected area design: economic principles  261
11.4 Protected areas and the supply of ecosystem services  268
11.5 Protected areas and poverty  271
11.6 Summary and conclusions  274
12 Conservation Beyond Protected Areas  279
12.1 Introduction  279
12.2 Conservation of threatened wild species outside protected areas  280
12.3 Conservation in agriculture  287
12.4 Habitat substitutability  298
12.5 Summary and conclusions  300
13 Conservation at the National Level  305
13.1 Introduction  305
13.2 Property rights  307
13.3 Legal restrictions on land use  309
13.4 Environmental offsets  314
13.5 Economic incentives  318
13.6 Summary and conclusions  326
14 Conservation at the International Level  331
14.1 Introduction  331
14.2 Migratory species  334
14.3 Transboundary and linked ecosystems  338
14.4 Trade, travel, and the movement of species  342
14.5 Strategic behavior and transboundary conservation  346
14.6 Funding conservation as a global public good  353
14.7 Summary and conclusions  357
15 Conservation in the Future  361
15.1 Introduction  361
15.2 Environmental trends  364
15.3 Economic trends  371
15.4 The population affected by conservation decisions  382
15.5 The optimal scale at which to conserve and the governance
of conservation  387
Index  401