Table Of ContentConsciousness and
Self-Regulation
Advances in Research
VOLUME 1
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
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Consciousness and
Self-Regulation
Advances in Research
VOLUME 1
Edited by
GARY E. SCHWARTZ
Yale University
and
DAVID SHAPIRO
University of California, Los Angeles
PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Consciousness and self-regulation.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Consciousness. 2. Self-control. I. Schwartz, Gary E., 1944-
II. Shapiro, David, 1924-
BF311.C64 153.8 76-8907
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2570-3 e-ISBN -13: 978-1-4684-2568-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2568-0
© 1976 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1976
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfJlming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Articles Planned for Future Volumes
, ,
Gyorgy Adam
Interoception, Awareness, and Behavior
Bernard Glueck and Charles Stroebel
Transcendental Meditation: Comparison to EEG Biofeedback
Jerre Levy
Brain and Consciousness: Cerebral Asymmetry
A. R. Luria
Brain and Consciousness: Functional Systems Approach
Wesley Lynch
Biofeedback: Temperature Regulation
F. J. McGuigan
Imagery and Thinking: The Motor System
Martin T. Orne
EEG Biofeedback: Relationship to Anxiety
Robert Ornstein
Dual Modes of Consciousness
Kenneth S. Pope and Jerome Singer
Regulation of the Stream of Thought
Larry Roberts
Biofeedback: Use of Curare
Judith Rodin
Perception and Externality: Obesity
Harold Sackeim and Rubin Gur
Sel/Confrontation, Sel/Deception, and Consciousness
Bernard Tursky and Milton Lodge
Subjective Experience: Psychophysics, Applications to
Assessment of Pain, and Political Opinion
Takami Wananabe
Meditation: Japanese Research
Matisyohu Weisenberg
Sel/Regulation Therapies: Pain
Norman Zinberg
Drugs: Interaction of Set and Setting
Contributors
THOMAS D. BORKOVEc, Department of Psychology, University of Iowa,
Iowa City, Iowa
MONTE BUCHSBAUM, Unit on Perceptual and Cognitive Studies, Adult
Psychiatry Branch, Division of Clinical and Behavioral Research,
National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
THOMAS H. BUDZYNSKI, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colo
rado Medical School and Biofeedback Institute of Denver, Denver,
Colorado
DAVID B. COHEN, Department of Psychology, University of Texas,
Austin, Texas
DAVID R. ENGSTROM, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior
and Student Health Service, University of California, Irvine,
California
ERNEST R. HILGARD, Department of Psychology, Stanford University,
Stanford, California
E. Roy JOHN, Departments of Psychiatry and Physiology, New York
Medical College, New York, New York
DONALD MEICHENBAUM, Department of Psychology, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
KARL H. PRmRAM, Department of Psychology, Stanford University,
Stanford, California
vii
Preface
The first and foremost concrete fact which every one will affirm to belong to
his inner experience is the fact that consciousness of some sort goes on. I
-William James, 1893
We are witnessing today a mounting interest among behavioral and
biological scientists in problems long recognized as central to our
understanding of human nature, yet until recently considered out of
the bounds of scientific psychology and physiology. Sometimes
thrown into the heading of "altered states of consciousness," this
growing research bears directly upon such time-honored questions as
the nature of conscious experience, the mind-body relationship, and
volition. If one broadly views this research as encompassing the two
interrelated areas of consciousness and self-regulation, one can find
many relevant contemporary examples of creative and experimentally
sophisticated approaches, including research on the regulation of
perception and sensory experience, attention, imagery and thinking,
emotion and pain; hypnosis and meditation; biofeedback and volun
tary control; hemispheric asymmetry and specialization of brain func
tion; drug-induced subjective states; and biological rhythms. Because
the material is spread over many different kinds of publications and
disciplines, it is difficult for anyone person to keep fully abreast of the
significant advances. The overall aim of the new Plenum Series in
Consciousness and Self-Regulation: Advances in Research is to provide a
scholarly forum for discussing integration of these diverse areas by
presenting some of the best current research and theory.
It is our hope that these volumes will enable investigators to
I William James, Psychology: Briefer Course (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1893),
p.152.
ix
x PREFACE
become more well-rounded in related areas of research, as well as
provide advanced students with a ready means of obtaining up-to
date, state-of-the-art information about relevant problems, theories,
methods, and findings. By selecting significant developments in
theory and research, we also hope that over the years the series can
help legitimate the field as a scientific venture as well as delineate
critical issues for further investigation.
Psychology and biology are going through a reawakening, and
research on the issues to which this series is devoted is helping to
bring these fields closer together. History tells us that Wundt founded
psychology as the science of consciousness, and James expanded it to
encompass "such things as sensations, desires, emotions, cognitions,
reasonings, decisions, volitions and the like."2 But these ideals could
not be achieved, or so it seemed, and psychology turned away from
questions of experience and volition, as well as from biology, and was
replaced with behaviorism. The transformation was arduous, and it
required a certain allowance for inconsistency. For example, Edmund
Jacobson, one of the pioneers in the psychophysiology of higher
mental processes, recalled, "Lashley told me with a chuckle that when
he and Watson would spend an evening together, working out
principles of behaviorism, much of the time would be devoted to
introspection."3
In William James: Unfinished Business (1969), Mandler summarized
the good points, and the bad points, of this era of psychology in his
"Acceptance of Things Past and Present: A Look at the Mind and the
Brain." He aptly noted:
I think the Watsonian behaviorist development was inevitable-I
think it was even healthy-if we learn not to do it again. Watson and the
behaviorists did, once and for all, clean up the problem of the proper data
language for psychology. In that sense, we are all behaviorists. The
behaviorists inveighed against an establishment which imported theoreti
cal notions and hypotheses into purely descriptive realms of psychology.
They successfully excluded vague notions about the causes of behavior
the introspective statements-from the facts of psychology. But in the
process the Watsonians felt called upon to do the reverse and to remove
complex and imaginative models from psychology. ... Behaviorism has
been one of the most antitheoretical movements in science ....
2 Ibid., p. 1.
3 Jacobson, "Electrophysiology of Mental Activities and Introduction to the Psychologi
cal Process of Thinking." In F. J. McGuigan and R. A. Schoonover (Eds.), The
Psychophysiology of Thinking (New York: Academic Press, 1973), p. 14.
PREFACE xi
... I submit that it was this anti theoretical stance that prevented any
close attention to physiology .... If the mechanisms we postulate are
"like" physiological mechanisms, then we will have heeded James in
modem terms. But if we are, as we were, afraid to postulate complex
mental mechanisms, we will never find the corresponding complex phy
siological mechanisms.'
This series is dedicated to William James, emphasizing the
integration and patterning of multiple processes, coupled with the
most significant advances in methodology and knowledge. Some of
the chapters will be broad-based and theoretical; others will focus on
specific research problems or applications. Inclusion of material in all
cases is determined by the investigator's focus on or concern with
consciousness and related processes, whether in normal or in abnor
mal populations. While the editors have a decided bias toward
biologically oriented approaches to consciousness and self-regulation,
papers that deal primarily with cognition or self-report are included
when of particular significance to these topics. Since important find
ings in this area are often derived from the study of clinical popula
tions and are of direct relevance to the assessment and treatment of
psychological and psychophysiological disorders, chapters dealing
with basic research are interwoven with chapters of more clinical
concern. In this way it is hoped that the series can provide a fertile
interchange between the basic and applied sides of this area. To help
the reader understand the perspective and rationale for the diverse
selections comprising a given volume, a brief overview of each volume
is presented by the editors.
The impetus for and organization of the series grows out of
student response to our interdiSCiplinary seminars at Harvard on the
psychophysiology of consciousness, emotion, and self-regulation, cou
pled with the enthusiasm and support of Seymour Weingarten, Senior
Editor of Plenum. Their input, and prodding, is gratefully acknowl
edged.
GARY E. SCHWARTZ
DAVID SHAPIRO
4 G. Mandler, "Acceptance of Things Past and Present: A Look at the Mind and the
Brain." In R. B. MacLeod (Ed.), William James: Unfinished Business (Washington, D.C.
American Psychological Association, 1969), pp. 13, 14.
