Table Of ContentCONIFER COLD HARDINESS
Tree Physiology
VOLUME 1
Series Editor:
Professor Heinz Rennenberg, University of Freiburg, Germany
Aims and scope
The series "Tree Physiology" is aimed to cover recent advances in all aspects of the
physiology of woody plants, i.e.: environmental physiology including plant-atmosp
here, plant-pedosphere/hydrosphere, and organismic interactions; whole tree physio
logy including storage and mobilization as well as maturation and senescence; woody
plant tissue culture and molecular physiology for micropropagation, transformation of
chemicals, preservation of gen-pools, membrane transport, transformation of tree spe
cies, etc. In addition, technological advances in tree physiology will be covered
together with the achievements obtained with these techniques.
Although the main emphasis will be on basic research, applied questions will also be
addressed. It is the scope of the series to provide advanced students in forestry and
plant biology as well as researchers working in the various fields of tree physiology
and woody plant physiology. Since also applied questions will be addressed, part of
the series will also be of interest for environmental and applied biologists.
CONIFER COLD HARDINESS
Edited by
FRANCINE J. BIGRAS
Natural Resources Canada,
Canadian Forest Service,
Laurentian Forestry Centre,
Sainte-Fay, Quebec, Canada
and
STEVE J. COLOMBO
Ontario Forest Research Institute,
Ontario Ministry r~f"Natural Resources,
Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Canada
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-5587-3 ISBN 978-94-015-9650-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9650-3
Printed an acid-free paper
Cover photo:
Reproduction of a painting by Lawren Harris, Snow II
National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa.
AII Rights Reserved
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2001
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
inciuding photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Contents
List of contributors ix
Preface XV
SECTION 1: ECOLOGY AND ECOPHYSIOLOGY 1
Frost Resistance and the Distribution of Conifers 3
Peter Bannister and Gilbert Neuner
Genecology and Gene Resource Management Strategies for
Conifer Cold Hardiness 23
Sally N Aitken and Mats Hannerz
SECTION II: ACCLIMATION AND DEACCLIMATION 55
Cold Acclimation and Deacclimation of Shoots and Roots of
Conifer Seedlings 57
Francine J. Bigras, Aija Ryyppo, Anders Lindstrom, and Eva
Stattin
Mechanisms of Frost Survival and Freeze-Damage in Nature 89
Marja-Liisa Sutinen, Rajeev Arora, Michael Wisniewski,
Edward Ashworth, Richard Strimbeck, and Jiwan Palta
vi
Xylem Cavitation and Freezing in Conifers 121
John S. Sperry and David J. Robson
Metabolic Changes During Cold Acclimation and Subsequent
Freezing and Thawing 137
Gunnar Oquist, Per Gardestrom, and Norman P.A. Huner
Biochemical and Biophysical Changes in Relation to Cold
Hardiness 165
Janusz J. Zwiazek, Sylvie Renault, Clare Croser, Jens
Hansen, and Erwin Beck
Molecular Biology of Conifer Frost Tolerance and Potential
Applications to Tree Breeding 187
David Clapham, Inger Ekberg, C.H. Anthony Little, and
Outi Savolainen
SECTION III: SEEDLING PRODUCTION AND
REFORESTATION 221
Influence of Nursery Cultural Practices on Cold Hardiness of
Coniferous Forest Tree Seedlings 223
Stephen J. Colombo, Michael L Menzies, and Conor
O'Reilly
Frost-Related Problems in the Establishment of Coniferous
Forests 253
Marek J. Krasowski and David G. Simpson
SECTION IV: IMPACTS OF BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC
FACTORS 287
Interaction of Microorganisms, Insects, and Freezing Injury on
Conifers 289
David K. Manter and William H. Livingston
Impacts of Climate Change on Cold Hardiness of Conifers 305
Heikki Hiinninen, Egbert Beuker, 0ystein Johnsen, flkka
Leinonen, Maureen Murray, Lucy Sheppard, and Tore
Skroppa
vii
Impacts of Air Pollutants on Cold Hardiness 335
Lucy Sheppard and Hardy Pfanz
SECTION V: METHODS AND ANALYSIS OF COLD
HARDINESS 367
Methods for Measuring Cold Hardiness of Conifers 369
Karen E. Burr, Christopher D.B. Hawkins, Sylvia J.
L 'Hirondelle, Wolfgang D. Binder, Milon F. George, and
TapaniRepo
The Analysis of Cold Hardiness Experiments 403
Michele Bernier-Cardou and Francine J. Bigras
Modelling Cold Hardiness Development and Loss in Conifers 437
Dennis H Greer, Ilkka Leinonen, and Tapani Repo
SECTION VI: SPECIES EXAMPLES 461
Cold Hardiness of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) 463
Tapani Repo, Jan-Erik Nilsson, Risto Rikala, Aija Ryyppo,
and Marja-Liisa Sutinen
Red Spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) Cold Hardiness and Freezing
Injury Susceptibility 495
Donald H DeHayes, Paul G. Schaberg, and G. Richard
Strimbeck
Cold Hardiness of Yell ow-Cedar ( Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
(D.Don) Spach) 531
Barbara J. Hawkins, John H Russell, and Tim T. Arnott
Cold Hardiness of Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) 555
Dennis H Greer, Mikel Menzies, and Ian J. Warrington
Index of species 575
Index of subjects 585
List of Contributors
Sally N. Aitken, University of British Columbia, Department of Forest
Science, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Jim T. Arnott, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific
Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Rd., Victoria BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
Rajeev Arora, West Virginia University, Division of Plant and Soil Sciences,
Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
Edward Ashworth, Purdue University, Department of Horticulture, West
Lafayette, IN 47907-1165, USA
Peter Bannister, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
Erwin Beck, University of Bayreuth, Department of Plant Physiology, D-
95440 Bayreuth, Germany
Michele Bemier-Cardou, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest
Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 3800,
Sainte-Foy QC, G1V 4C7, Canada
Egbert Beuker, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Punkaharju Research
Station, FIN-58451 Punkahatju, Finland
X
Francine J. Bigras, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service,
Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 3800, Sainte-Foy
QC, G 1V 4C7, Canada
Wolfgang D. Binder, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Research
Branch, Victoria BC, V8W 9C4, Canada
Karen E. Burr, USDA Forest Service, Coeur d'Alene Tree Nursery, Coeur
d'Alene, ID 83815, USA
David Clapham, Department of Forest Genetics, Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences, Box 7027, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Stephen J. Colombo, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of
Natural Resources, 1235 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie ON, P6A 2E5,
Canada
Clare Croser, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 4-
42 Earth Sciences Bldg., Edmonton AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
Donald H. DeHayes, School of Natural Resources, University of Vermont,
Burlington, VT 05405, USA
Inger Ekberg, Department of Forest Genetics, Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences, Box 7027, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Per Gardestrom, Department of Plant Physiology, Umea University, S-901
87 Umea, Sweden
Milon F. George, University ofMissouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
Dennis H. Greer, Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand
Ltd., Palmerston North Research Centre, Private Bag 11030, Palmerston
North, New Zealand
Mats Hannerz, Forestry Research Institute of Sweden, Science Park, S-751
83 Uppsala, Sweden
Heikki Hanninen, University of Helsinki, Department of Ecology and
Systematics, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
xi
Jens Hansen, University of Bayreuth, Department of Plant Physiology, D-
95440 Bayreuth, Germany
Barbara J. Hawkins, University of Victoria, Centre for Forest Biology,
Victoria BC, V8W 3N5, Canada
Christopher D.B. Hawkins, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince
George BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
Norman P.A. Huner, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western
Ontario, London ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
0ystein Johnsen, Norwegian Forest Research Institute, N-1432 As, Norway
Marek J. Krasowski, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management,
University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 44555, Fredericton NB, E3B 6C2,
Canada
Ilkka Leinonen, University of Joensuu, Faculty of Forestry, P.O. Box 111,
FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sylvia J. L'Hirondelle, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Research
Branch, Victoria BC, V8W 9C4, Canada
Anders Lindstrom, Dalarna University/College, HerrgArdsvagen 122, S-
77698 Garpenberg, Sweden
C.H. Anthony Little, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service,
Maritimes Forestry Centre, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton NB, E3B 5P7,
Canada
William H. Livingston, University of Maine, Department of Forest
Ecosystem Science, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5755, USA
Daniel K. Manter, Oregon State University, Department of Forest Science,
Richardson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7501, USA
Michael!. Menzies, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd., Private Bag
3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
Maureen Murray, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh R,
Penicuik, EH26 OQB, Scotland
