Congestive Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation: Clinical, Pathology, Imaging and Molecular Profiles

556 Pages·2017·36.2 MB·English

by  Daniel J. Garry

Congestive Heart
Failure and Cardiac
Transplantation
Clinical, Pathology, Imaging
and Molecular Profi les
Daniel J. Garry
Robert F. Wilson
Zeev Vlodaver
Editors
123
Congestive Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation
Daniel J. Garry • Robert F. Wilson • Zeev Vlodaver
Editors
Congestive Heart
Failure and Cardiac
Transplantation
Clinical, Pathology, Imaging and Molecular Profiles
Editors
Daniel J. Garry, MD, PhD Robert F. Wilson, MD
Lillehei Heart Institute University of Minnesota
Department of Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
University of Minnesota Medical Center Minneapolis, MN, USA
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Zeev Vlodaver, MD
University of Minnesota
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Minneapolis, MN, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-44575-5 ISBN 978-3-319-44577-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44577-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017935486
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017
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v
This book is dedicated to our wives:
Mary Grace Garry
Betsy Wilson
Dalia P. Vlodaver
For their encouragement, support, and inspiration
vii
Preface
This book is a comprehensive overview of heart Chap. 23 highlights the state-of-the-art research
failure and the only curative therapy for this dis- strategies and their potential clinical impact for this
ease, heart transplantation. Since heart failure is field. Part V addresses the field of cardiac transplan-
so prevalent in our society and has such a pro- tation. These chapters detail the rich history of surgi-
found impact in our healthcare system, we have cal, immunobiological, and therapeutic discoveries
targeted a diverse audience ranging from the stu- that are the signature for this field and target the
dent to the clinical trainee as well as the research clinical management of the heart transplant recipi-
investigator and the practicing clinical expert. As ent. Topics include the cardiac transplant procedure,
the title and table of contents outline, a unique the early and late management of the post-transplant
feature of this book is its breadth. The intent is to patient, allograft rejection, heart-lung transplanta-
produce a single book that comprehensively tion, and xenotransplantation.
examines the field of heart failure and the thera- A unique feature of this compendium is the
peutic strategies, including cardiac transplanta- authors’ expertise and national and international
tion, that would be of interest to the molecular reputations. Many of the authors direct research
biologist, the pathologist, the practicing clinician, programs focused on heart failure and cardiac
the radiologist, and the surgeon. transplantation and these initiatives complement
Introductory chapters are provided as a platform their outstanding clinical expertise in the field.
for the depth of the subsequent chapters. Chapter 1, They have further distinguished themselves as
which presents an extensive historical perspective, founders or leaders of institutes, cardiovascular
provides a unique beginning to the book. Subse- programs, pulmonary hypertension programs,
quent chapters in Part I explore the basic concepts in neuromuscular programs, physiology depart-
the physiology, molecular biology, pathology, and ments, robotic surgical and transplant programs,
epidemiology of the normal and failing heart and adult congenital heart programs, structural heart
also highlight emerging research discoveries that are disease programs, regenerative medicine pro-
having a significant impact on the field. Part II grams, and start-up cardiovascular companies.
addresses the known causes of heart failure, such as The expertise of the authors and the comprehen-
right heart failure, valvular cardiomyopathy, molecu- sive nature of this book serve as an important
lar mechanisms of sarcomeric cardiomyopathies, resource both for the practicing clinician in her/his
and neuromuscular cardiomyopathy. These chapters daily practice and for trainees and research investi-
serve as an outstanding resource for the practicing gators. Importantly, it is the editors’ hope that this
clinician and the research investigator. In Part III, the scholarly effort inspires the next generation to pur-
progression of heart failure is outlined, with chapters sue innovations and discoveries that will bend the
devoted to cardiorenal syndrome, neurohormonal path of heart failure and cardiac transplantation
activation, remodeling, and arrhythmias in cardio- and lead to cures for these diseases.
myopathy. Advanced therapies for the heart failure
patient are discussed in Part IV, including cardiac
resynchronization, ventricular assist devices, and
cellular strategies for structural and hemodynamic Minneapolis, MN, USA Daniel J. Garry
improvement of the failing heart. An area of intense Robert F. Wilson
interest is the field of regenerative medicine and Zeev Vlodaver
ix
Acknowledgements
The editors are grateful for all the efforts and and education with a central theme of sound sci-
insights provided by the authors of the respective entific evidence were hallmarks of Dr. Burchell’s
chapters in this book. The research and clinical career. Drs. Garry and Wilson pay special acknowl-
expertise of the authors is unparalleled and serve edgement to Dr. Burchell as they led the Cardio-
to distinguish this book. vascular Division at the University of Minnesota
The editors recognize the foundational impact in the same spirit of innovation, discovery, and the
of the innovative contributions to cardiovascular delivery of outstanding cardiovascular care.
medicine that is reflected in our book by the fol- Jay N. Cohn, MD, Professor of Medicine at the
lowing pioneers. University of Minnesota, discovered much of the
C. Walton Lillehei, MD, internationally renowned basic physiology of heart failure and its relation-
as the “Father of Open-Heart Surgery,” was professor ship to afterload and vascular tone. Dr. Cohn cre-
of surgery at the University of Minnesota under Dr. ated an integrative conceptual framework for
Owen Wangensteen. In 1952, Lillehei participated in understanding heart failure that shaped our
the world’s first successful open-heart surgical pro- understanding of the pathophysiology and guided
cedure using hypothermia, which was performed at a revolution in therapy. Today, he is widely recog-
the University of Minnesota. In 1954, he performed nized as the Father of Heart Failure as he founded
the world’s first open-h eart surgery using cross-cir- the Heart Failure Society of America and served as
culation and these procedures provided the platform the inaugural editor-in-chief for the Journal of
for use of the heart lung machine. In 1958, Dr. Lille- Cardiac Failure. Dr. Cohn also served as the chief
hei was responsible for the implantation of the of cardiology for 22 years and established one of
world’s first small, portable, battery-powered pace- the world’s leading heart failure programs in the
maker; he also developed and implanted the world’s world. Dr. Wilson pays special acknowledgement
first prosthetic heart valve in 1966. Thousands of to Dr. Cohn who recruited him to the University of
cardiac surgeons across the world were trained by Minnesota and was supportive in his studies of
Dr. Lillehei and his colleagues at the University of sympathetic reinnervation after transplantation.
Minnesota and revolutionized the field of cardiovas- The editors wish to acknowledge all the train-
cular surgery. Dr. Garry pays special acknowledge- ees that they have worked with throughout their
ment to the late Dr. Lillehei who together with his careers. It is our hope that the discoveries and dis-
late spouse, Kaye Lillehei, established the Lillehei cussions we shared together will serve as a plat-
Heart Institute, which is led by Dr. Garry. form to inspire you to further impact the field.
Jesse E. Edwards, MD, was a world-renowned We acknowledge and thank Jane Hutchins-
pioneering cardiovascular pathologist. He was Peterson for her outstanding assistance and for
professor of pathology at the Mayo Clinic in Roch- handling the flow of material from the writers to
ester, Minn., and at the University of Minnesota, the publisher.
Minneapolis. He taught many medical students, We recognize with deep appreciation Barb
pathologists, cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, and Umberger for her dedication in the editing of the
visiting medical experts from around the world. manuscript in the minutest detail to ensure the
Dr. Edwards housed an enormous collection of high quality of this project.
autopsied hearts at United Hospital, St. Paul, We acknowledge and thank Erik Munson and
Minn., known as the Dr. Edwards’ Cardiovascular Cynthia DeKay for their assistance with the illus-
Registry that became a principal resource for his trations and artwork that appear in this book.
illustrated reference books: An Atlas of Acquired We extend our gratitude to Michael Griffin,
Diseases of the Heart and Great Vessels (1961), and Development Editor for Springer Publishing, for
Congenital Heart Disease (1965). He also coau- his outstanding efforts, support, and attention to
thored nearly 800 journal articles and 14 books. the details needed for publication of this book.
Dr. Vlodaver pays special acknowledgment to Dr. We wish to acknowledge the support of Janet Fol-
Edwards who was his teacher, mentor and “inspi- tin, Senior Editor of Clinical Medicine, at Springer,
rational force in his medical life.” for her encouragement for this project and all her
Howard B. Burchell, MD, cardiologist, profes- efforts to help bring the project to reality.
sor of medicine at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester,
and the inaugural chief of cardiology at the Uni- Minneapolis, MN Daniel J. Garry, MD, PhD
versity of Minnesota. He was editor-in-chief of the Robert F. Wilson, MD
journal Circulation from 1965 to 1970. Scholarship Zeev Vlodaver, MD
xi
Contents
I History and Basic Mechanisms of Heart Failure
1 A Historical Overview of Cardiovascular Medicine and Heart Failure ......................................... 3
Cyprian V. Weaver and Daniel J. Garry
2 Physiology of the Normal and Failing Heart ................................................................................................. 21
M. Chadi Alraies, Daniel J. Garry, and Mary G. Garry
3 Molecular Biology of the Normal and Failing Heart ................................................................................ 39
Forum Kamdar, Mary G. Garry, and Daniel J. Garry
4 Pathology of Ischemic Heart Disease ................................................................................................................ 59
Zeev Vlodaver, Richard W. Asinger, and John R. Lesser
5 The Pathology of Cardiomyopathies.................................................................................................................. 81
Zeev Vlodaver, James H. Moller, Shannon M. Mackey-Bojack, and K. P. Madhu
6 Epidemiology of Heart Failure ............................................................................................................................... 93
Russell V. Luepker
II Etiology of Heart Failure
7 Acute Heart Failure ........................................................................................................................................................ 105
Pradeep P.A. Mammen, William K. Cornwell III, Mark P. Birkenbach, and Daniel J. Garry
8 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy ......................................................................................................................................... 119
Robert F. Wilson
9 Valvular Cardiomyopathy .......................................................................................................................................... 135
Robert F. Wilson
10 Molecular Mechanism of Sarcomeric Cardiomyopathies ..................................................................... 151
Brian R. Thompson, Michelle L. Asp, and Joseph M. Metzger
11 Right Heart Failure ......................................................................................................................................................... 161
Thenappan Thenappan and Daniel J. Garry
12 Neuromuscular Cardiomyopathies ..................................................................................................................... 175
Forum Kamdar, Pradeep P.A. Mammen, and Daniel J. Garry
13 Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) ....................................................................... 197
Gary S. Francis, M. Chadi Alraies, and Marc R. Pritzker
x ii Contents
14 Myocardial Viability and Imaging in the Failing Heart .......................................................................... 211
Prabhjot S. Nijjar, Ashenafi M. Tamene, and Chetan Shenoy
III Heart Failure Disease Progression
15 Cardiorenal Syndrome and Heart Failure ....................................................................................................... 227
Maria Patarroyo-Aponte and Peter M. Eckman
16 Neurohormonal Activation and the Management of Heart Failure .............................................. 239
Jay N. Cohn
17 Structural Remodeling in the Development of Chronic Systolic Heart Failure:
Implication for Treatment ......................................................................................................................................... 247
Inder S. Anand and Viorel G. Florea
18 Heart Failure Prevention ............................................................................................................................................ 267
Ziad Taimeh, Daniel Duprez, and Daniel J. Garry
19 Arrhythmias in Cardiomyopathy .......................................................................................................................... 285
Henri Roukoz, Wayne Adkisson, Baris Akdemir, Balaji Krishnan, Scott Sakaguchi,
and David G. Benditt
20 Peripartum Cardiomyopathy .................................................................................................................................. 323
Alan Berger and Daniel J. Garry
IV Advanced Therapies for Heart Failure
21 Advanced Therapies: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Heart Failure .......................... 341
Scott Sakaguchi, Henri Roukoz, and David G. Benditt
22 Ventricular Assist Devices for Advanced Heart Failure .......................................................................... 361
Ziad Taimeh and Daniel J. Garry
23 Regenerative Mechanisms of the Adult Injured and Failing Heart ................................................ 377
Jop H. van Berlo, Mary G. Garry, and Daniel J. Garry
24 Cell Therapy and Heart Failure ............................................................................................................................... 401
Glynnis A. Garry and Daniel J. Garry
V Cardiac Transplantation
25 History of Cardiac Transplantation: Research, Discoveries, and Pioneers ................................ 417
Sara J. Shumway and Daniel J. Garry
26 Orthotopic Heart Transplantation ....................................................................................................................... 431
Kenneth K. Liao, Ranjit John, and Sara J. Shumway
27 Cardiac Transplantation: Immunobiology and Immunotherapy .................................................... 449
Ziad Taimeh and Daniel J. Garry
xiii
Contents
28 Cardiac Transplantation Pathology .................................................................................................................... 469
Priti Lal
29 Management of the Posttransplant Cardiac Patient ............................................................................... 479
Sirtaz Adatya, Monica M. Colvin, and Daniel J. Garry
30 Adult Orthotopic Heart Transplantation: Early Complications ........................................................ 493
John R. Spratt, Ziad Taimeh, Thenappan Thenappan, and Ranjit John
31 Late Complications Following Heart Transplant ........................................................................................ 505
Khalil Murad and Monica M. Colvin
32 Heart Transplantation and Antibody-Mediated Rejection .................................................................. 517
Monica M. Colvin, Ziad Taimeh, and Daniel J. Garry
33 Heart and Heart–Lung Transplantation in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease ............. 539
Cindy M. Martin and James H. Moller
34 Cardiac Xenotransplantation .................................................................................................................................. 549
Jeffrey L. Platt and Marilia Cascalho
Index ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 563