Table Of Contentfl
Con ict Management in Divided Societies
This exciting and innovative new textbook takes a multi-perspective approach to the
study of conflict management in divided societies.
Offering a wide range of perspectives from leading experts in the field, the book
examines the philosophies underpinning constitutional design, the actors and processes
involved and the practicalities of the settlement process, combining conceptual and
theoretical contributions with empirical case studies. In so doing, the contributors
provide a comprehensive introduction to the study of conflict management in divided
societies.
Features and benefits of the textbook:
(cid:1) clearly explains the theories underpinning constitutional design, including power
sharing, centripetalism, power dividing and territorial self-governance;
(cid:1) surveys the key actors and processes involved in designing and implementing peace
settlements, including the evolution of diplomacy in peacemaking, with separate
chapters on crafting solutions for divided societies from the perspectives of the UN,
EU, AU and NGOs;
(cid:1) explores the realities on the ground, with chapters written by specialists drawing on
their experience of working in conflict zones.
Written in a clear and engaging style, this book is essential reading for all students of
conflict management.
Stefan Wolff is Professor of International Security at the University of Birmingham, UK.
Christalla Yakinthou is Country Manager of the International Center for Transnational
Justice’s Cyprus Program and Honorary Research Fellow in the department of Political
Science, University of Western Australia.
fl
Con ict Management in
Divided Societies
Theories and practice
Edited by
ff
Stefan Wol and Christalla Yakinthou
Firstpublished2012byRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon,OX144RN
SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada
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©2012editorialandselectedmatter,StefanWolffandChristallaYakinthou;the
contributors,theircontributions.
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AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Conflictmanagementindividedsocieties:theoriesandpractice/editedbyStefanWolff&
ChristallaYakinthou.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1.Conflictmanagement–Philosophy.2.Conflictmanagement–Methodology.3.Conflict
management–Casestudies.4.Ethnicconflict–Prevention–Casestudies.5.Divided
government.I.Wolff,Stefan,1969–II.Yakinthou,Christalla,1980–
JZ6368.C652011
303.6’9–dc22 2011013052
ISBN:978-0-415-56373-4(hbk)
ISBN:978-0-415-56374-1(pbk)
ISBN:978-0-203-80300-4(ebk)
TypesetinSabonbyTaylor&Francis
Contents
List of tables vii
List of contributors viii
Foreword by Álvaro de Soto xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
List of abbreviations xviii
Introduction 1
CHRISTALLA YAKINTHOU AND STEFANWOLFF
PART I
Theories of conflict management 21
1 Consociationalism: power sharing and self-governance 23
STEFANWOLFF
2 Centripetalism: cooperation, accommodation and integration 57
BENJAMINREILLY
3 Power dividing: the multiple-majorities approach 66
PHILIP G.ROEDER
PART II
Processes and actors 85
4 The diplomacy of conflict management 87
I.WILLIAMZARTMAN
5 Quiet diplomacy: preventing conflict through discreet engagement 100
CRAIGCOLLINS ANDJOHN PACKER
6 Imperfect but indispensable: the United Nations and global conflict
management 116
ANOULAK KITTIKHOUNANDTHOMASG.WEISS
vi Contents
7 Regional origins, global aspirations: the European Union as a global
conflict manager 135
NATHALIE TOCCI
8 Limited capabilities, great expectations: the African Union and
regional conflict management 151
JOHN AKOKPARI
9 Political engagement, mediation and the non-governmental sector 167
KATIA PAPAGIANNI
PART III
Case studies 185
10 Between theory and practice: Rwanda 187
JANINENATALYA CLARK
11 The challenges of implementation: Guatemala 201
VIRGINIE LADISCH
12 The failure of prevention: Kosovo 217
MARC WELLER
13 A never-ending story: Cyprus 233
CHRISTALLA YAKINTHOU
14 The potency of external conflict management: Northern Ireland 249
ADRIANGUELKE
Index 263
Tables
1.1 Content and context as success conditions for consociational conflict
management 31
1.2 Groups and their corresponding territorial entities 34
1.3 Institutional arrangements 36
14.1 European Parliament elections, main parties’ percentage of first preferences,
1979–2009 256
14.2 Assembly elections of 2007, 2003 and 1998: results for five main parties in
terms of percentage of first-preference votes and seats 257
Contributors
John Akokpari holds a doctorate from Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada. He
has taught and researched in Dalhousie University, St. Mary’s University (both in
Canada), the University of Lesotho and is currently Senior Lecturer in the Department
of Political Studies at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He was a Visiting
Research Fellow at the Institute of Developing Economies at Chiba, Japan, between
January and June 2007. Akokpari has published widely on a variety of topics on
African politics, including civil society, democratisation, development, foreign policy,
globalisation, international migration, conflicts, regionalism, conflict management and
the environment.
Janine Natalya Clark is a lecturer in International Politics and Ethnic Conflict in the
Politics Department at the University of Sheffield. She received her PhD in 2006 from
theUniversityofNottinghamand wassubsequentlyaPostdoctoralResearchFellow in
the International Politics Department at Aberystwyth University (2006–2009). Before
joining the University of Sheffield, she held lecturing posts at the University of York
andQueen’sUniversityofBelfast.Herresearchinterestsincludepost-conflictsocieties,
particularly in the former Yugoslavia and the African Great Lakes; conflict resolution;
war crimes; transitional justice and the relationship between criminal trials and inter-
ethnic reconciliation. Clark is the author of Serbia in the Shadow of Miloševic´:
The Legacy of Conflict in the Balkans (I.B. Tauris, 2008), and recent work includes:
‘Justice, Peace and the International Criminal Court: Limitations and Possibilities’,
Journal of International Criminal Justice (2011); ‘UN Peacekeeping in the Democratic
Republic of Congo: Reflections on MONUSCO and Its Contradictory Mandate’,
Journal of International Peacekeeping (2011); ‘Transitional Justice, Truth and Recon-
ciliation:AnUnder-ExploredRelationship’,InternationalCriminalLawReview(2011)
and ‘Missing Persons, Reconciliation and the View from Below: A Case-Study of
Bosnia-Herzegovina’, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies (2010).
Craig Collins is Coordinator of the Initiative on Quiet Diplomacy (IQd), which seeks to
address the causes of conflict by developing institutions within inter-governmental
organizations, by providing key actors with tools and techniques to address recurring
issues, and supporting and facilitating dialogue and mediation processes. In his
work with IQd since its inception in 2004, Collins has engaged representatives of
governments, regional and other IGOs, and conflict parties to build effective inter-
governmental conflict prevention mechanisms, effectively employ a quiet, problem-
solving approach to working with parties, and promote the meaningful participation
of women and marginalized groups. Among other experience in this field, Collins has
Contributors ix
contributed to official and non-official processes in the Middle East, South Asia and
the Pacific Islands; advised IGOs, governments and NGOs; and advocated policy
change and early action. Hehas also workedfor the UNDPto developPacificregional
capacitiesforpreventivediplomacy. Collinshasspecializedin thestructures,mandates
andconflictpreventionpracticeofIGOs,andintherelationshipbetweenhumanrights
protection, good governance and conflict management. He holds a Master’s of Law
and Diplomacy from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
Adrian Guelke is Professor of Comparative Politics and Director of the Centre for the
Study of Ethnic Conflictin the School of Politics, International StudiesandPhilosophy
atQueen’sUniversity,Belfast.RecentpublicationsincludeTheNewAgeofTerrorism
and the International Political System (IB Tauris, 2009), Terrorism and Global
Disorder (IB Tauris, 2006) and Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2005), as well as the co-edited second edition of A Farewell to Arms?
(Manchester University Press, 2006) on the Northern Ireland peace process. Studies he
has edited in the field of politics and ethnicity include The Challenges of Ethno-
Nationalism (PalgraveMacmillan, 2010) and Democracyand Ethnic Conflict(Palgrave
Macmillan, 2004). He is the chair of the International Political Science Association’s
research committee on politics and ethnicity, as well as the editor of the journal
Nationalism and Ethnic Politics.
Anoulak Kittikhoun is a political affairs officer at the UN Department of Political Affairs
in New York. Previously, he was Research Associate at the Ralph Bunche Institute
for International Studies, Adjunct Professor at Brooklyn College, and Adviser at the
Permanent Mission of Laos to the UN. He received his PhD in political science from
The City University of New York Graduate Center. He was the co-editor, with
ThomasG. Weiss, of the March 2011 special issue of the International Studies Review
on ‘Theory vs. Practice’, bringing together leading scholars and practitioners to
explore issues such as regionalism, rising powers, disarmament, fragile states, respon-
sibility to protect, sanctions, human rights, development, environment and financial
governance.
Virginie Ladisch leads the International Center for Transitional Justice’s work on chil-
dren andtransitional justice, aswell as the country program in Cyprus. From the time
she joined ICTJ in 2006 until 2009, Ladisch worked as part of the Reparative Justice
Unit, and with the Canada and Turkey country programs. Prior to joining ICTJ,
sheconductedresearchonreconciliationinCyprus,wastheProjectCoordinatoratthe
Crimes of War Education Project and served as an election monitor in Guatemala. In
2000, Ladisch was awarded a Thomas J. Watson Fellowship for independent research,
during which she carried out extensive fieldwork on truth commissions and reconci-
liationinSouthAfricaandGuatemala.Theresultsofherresearchonthechallengesof
reconciliationinCyprushavebeenpublishedintheJournalofPublicandInternational
AffairsandtheCyprusReview.Ladisch holdsanMA inInternational Affairsfromthe
School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) at Columbia University and a BA in
Political Science from Haverford College.
John Packer is Professor of International Law and the Director of the Human Rights
Centre at the University of Essex. Before taking up this post in 2007, he was
the project coordinator and principal investigator for the Initiative on Quiet Diplo-
macy, as well as acting as a consultant to several international organizations,
x Contributors
governments and NGOs. He was Director of the Office of the OSCE High Commis-
sioner on National Minorities from 2000 to 2004, where he previously served as legal
advisor (1995–2000). From 1991 to 1995 he was a human rights officer at the United
Nations, where he investigated serious violations of human rights in Iraq, Burma
and Afghanistan. He has also worked for the International Labour Organisation and
the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. Packer has an extensive publication
record and is an internationally recognized expert in the field of minority rights and
conflict prevention. He is a member of a number of editorial boards of scholarly
journals, including the Human Rights Law Journal, the International Journal on
Minority and Group Rights, the European Yearbook of Minority Issues and Ethno-
politics. He also sits on the Boards of a number of NGOs and is an Advisor to the
Club de Madrid.
Katia Papagianni heads the Mediation Support Programme at the Geneva-based Centre
for Humanitarian Dialogue. Before joining the Centre, she worked for the Office of
the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and UNDP. Her work has focused on
political transitions, power-sharing in mediation efforts and constitution-making
processes. Her experience includes work for the National Democratic Institute in
Russia, the OSCE in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the UN in Iraq. She holds a doc-
torate in political science from Columbia University, New York; a Master’s degree in
Public Administration from Princeton University; and a Bachelor’s degree from Brown
University. She has taught on peace- and state-building at Columbia University and
the Geneva Graduate Institute for International Studies. She has published extensively
on mediation and peacebuilding.
Benjamin Reilly is Professor of Political Science in the Crawford School of Economics
and Government at the Australian National University. He is the author of six books
and over 60 journal articles and book chapters on issues of democratization, con-
stitutional reform, party politics, electoral system design and conflict management,
and has advised numerous governments and international organizations on these
subjects. His latest books are a study of democratization and political reform in Asia
and the Pacific, Democracy and Diversity: Political Engineering in the Asia-Pacific
(Oxford University Press, 2006), and an edited volume, Political Parties in Conflict-
Prone Societies (United Nations University Press, 2008). He is currently a Visiting
Professor at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies
(SAIS) in Washington, DC.
Philip G. Roeder is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San
Diego. He received his PhD from Harvard University. A specialist on the politics of
the Soviet successor states and on nationalism, Roeder is the author of Where Nation-
States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism (Princeton Uni-
versity Press) and Red Sunset: The Failure of Soviet Politics (Princeton University
Press). He is the co-author of Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy
(Princeton University Press) and co-editor of Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy
After Civil Wars (Cornell University Press). His articles have appeared in such jour-
nalsastheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview,WorldPoliticsandInternationalStudies
Quarterly. He is currently working on two longer-term projects on ‘Nationalist
Secessionism and Independence’ (i.e., when is granting secessionists independence
the best policy option) and on ‘Alternatives to Independence’ (i.e., what are the
