Table Of Contentc o n f i d e n t
p u b l i c s p e a k i n g
SECOND EDITION
Deanna D. Sellnow
north dakota state university
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I dedicate this book to God who is the power behind all that I do.
I also dedicate this book to Tim, Debbie (now 18), and Rick (now 14)
who continue to tolerate me as I pursue this project.
Your patience, endurance, sacrifices, and love keep me going.
I love you all very much!
b r i e f c o n t e n t s
PART ONE Understanding Communication Dynamics
Chapter 1 Communication and Ethical Public Speaking 3
2 Coping Effectively with Public Speaking Anxiety 33
3 Your First Speech 55
4 Listening and Critiquing Communication 77
PART TWO Preparing and Presenting Public Speeches
Chapter 5 Selecting and Narrowing Your Topic 105
6 Understanding Your Audience 125
7 Supporting Your Speech: Evidence and Research 151
8 Organizing Your Main Ideas 183
9 Making Lasting Impressions:
Introductions and Conclusions 201
10 Outlining Your Speech 221
11 Language and Style Choices in Your Speech 245
12 Delivering Your Public Speech 267
13 Creating and Using Presentational Aids 301
PART THREE Considering Communication Contexts
Chapter 14 Informative Speaking 329
15 Persuasive Speaking: Types and Designs 349
16 Persuasive Strategies 381
17 Speaking on Special Occasions 409
18 Working and Speaking in Small Groups 439
Appendix A: Learning Styles Quiz A-1
Appendix B: Speeches for Analysis and Discussion A-5
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Index I-1
Photo Credits C-1
iv
c o n t e n t s
PREFACE xvi Audience Analysis 16
Learning Styles and Audience Analysis 17
PART ONE The Stages of the Learning Cycle 18
Turning to Technology: Discover Your Preferred Learning
Understanding Communication Dynamics
Style 20
Chapter 1 Channels 20
Communication and Ethical Feedback 21
Public Speaking 3 Interference 21
Ethical Public Speaking 22
Turning to Technology: What Do You Know about
Turning to Technology: The Code of Ethics for
Communication? 5
Communication 23
Why Study Public Speaking? 5
Considering Your Topic and Goals 23
Personal Life Benefits 5
Acknowledging Personal Biases 24
College Education Benefits 6
Choosing Evidence 24
Professional Career Benefits 6
Reporting Sources of Information 25
Turning to Technology: How Is Communication Important
Conveying Ideas Orally 26
in Your Career Field? 7
Practicing the Process: Questions Ethical Speakers Must
What Is Communication? 7
Be Able to Answer 26
Communication Contexts 9
Summary 27
Intrapersonal 9
Returning to Technology 28
Impersonal 9
Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking
Interpersonal 9
CD-ROM 28
Small Group 10
Speech Builder Express 28
Public 10
Key Terms 28
Models of Communication 11
Activities 29
Linear 11
InfoTrac College Edition Activity 30
Interactive 11
Transactional 12 Chapter 2
The Seven Basic Elements
Coping Effectively with Public
of the Communication Process 13
Speaking Anxiety 33
Situation 13
Turning to Technology: Your Personal Report of Public
Considering the Situation 13 Speaking Anxiety 34
Considering Communication Rules 14 What Is Communication Apprehension? 35
Sender 15
Turning to Technology: Your Context-Based
Practicing the Process: Checklist for Conveying Ethos
Apprehension 36
as a Public Speaker 15
Why Do We Experience Public Speaking Anxiety? 36
Message 15
Turning to Technology: Your Game Plan for Dealing
Turning to Technology: Observing a Professional 16
with Anxiety 37
Practicing the Process: Guidelines for Safeguarding
Socialized Patterns of Thinking and Feeling 37
Your Message 16
Preferred Learning Style 38
Receiver(s) 16
v
Self-Talk 38 Practicing the Process: Analyzing Your Audience 57
Practicing the Process: Managing the Fear of Being What Does It Mean to Have Good Content? 58
Stared At 39 Practicing the Process: Questions for Planning the
Practicing the Process: Managing the Fear of the Content of Your First Speech 59
Unknown 39 Practicing the Process: Content Checklist for Your First
Practicing the Process: Managing the Fear of Failure 40 Speech 60
Practicing the Process: Managing the Fear Turning to Technology: Considering Ethical
of Becoming Fearful 40 Speechmaking 60
Turning to Technology: Managing Your Fears 41 What Does It Mean to Have Clear Structure? 60
What Can Be Done to Reduce Anxiety? 41 Macrostructure 60
Systematic Desensitization 41 The Introduction 61
Step 1: Progressive Relaxation Activities 41 Practicing the Process: Guidelines for Creating Your
Practicing the Process: Progressive Relaxation Introduction 62
Activities 43 The Body 62
Step 2: Progressive Visualization Activities 44 Practicing the Process: Writing Effective Transitions 63
Turning to Technology: Visualizing Success 44 The Conclusion 63
Practicing the Process: Progressive Visualization Practicing the Process: Creating Your Conclusion 64
Activities 44 Turning to Technology: Cara Langaas’s Formal Outline 66
Step 3: Progressive Experiential Activities 44 Turning to Technology: Kris’s Self-Introduction Speech 66
Practicing the Process: Desensitizing in the Moments Microstructure 67
before You Speak 45 Practicing the Process: Guidelines for Incorporating
Cognitive Restructuring 45 Microstructure 68
Step 1: Create a Negative Self-Talk List 45 Practicing the Process: Structure Checklist for Your First
Practicing the Process: Create a Negative Speech 68
Self-Talk List 46 What Does It Mean to Have Effective Delivery? 69
Step 2: Identify Irrational Beliefs and Cognitive Turning to Technology: Delivery Tips 69
Distortions that May Guide Your Fears 46 Use of Voice 69
Practicing the Process: Identifying Irrational Beliefs and Practicing the Process: Incorporating Vocal
Cognitive Distortions 47 Delivery Cues 70
Step 3: Develop Positive Coping Statements 47 Use of Body 70
Practicing the Process: Creating Positive Coping Turning to Technology: Spontaneous Gestures 72
Statements 48 Practicing the Process: Incorporating Body
Step 4: Practice Your Coping Statements Until They Delivery Clues 72
Become Second Nature 48 Practicing the Process: Delivery Checklist for Your First
Practicing the Process: Making Your Positive Coping Speech 72
Statements Second Nature 48 Turning to Technology: Kris’s Delivery 73
Turning to Technology: Public Speaking Anxiety Message Turning to Technology: Delivery Tips 73
Board 49 Summary 73
Skills Training 49 Returning to Technology 73
Turning to Technology: How Much Do You Know? 49 Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking
Summary 50 CD-ROM 74
Returning to Technology 50 Speech Builder Express 74
Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking Key Terms 74
CD-ROM 50 Activities 75
Speech Builder Express 51 InfoTrac College Edition Activity 75
Key Terms 51
Chapter 4
Activities 51
Listening and Critiquing
InfoTrac College Edition Activity 53
Communication 77
Chapter 3
Turning to Technology: Test Your Listening Skills 78
Your First Speech 55 What Is Listening and Why Is It Important? 79
What Does It Mean to be Audience-Centered? 56 Turning to Technology: The International Listening
Turning to Technology: Becoming Audience-Centered 56 Association 79
vi Contents
Types of Listening: Considering Your Purpose 80 Generating Potential Topics 107
Turning to Technology: Appreciative Listening 81 Brainstorming 107
Turning to Technology: Empathic Listening 82 Turning to Technology: Brainstorming Topics 108
The SIER Model of Critical Listening 83 Researching 108
Practicing the Process: Improving Your Turning to Technology: Challenging Speech
Critical Listening 86 Topics 109
The Ethical Listener: Tips for Improving Critical Listening Turning to Technology: Contemporary Social
Skills 86 Issues 109
Turning to Technology: Listening Skills Practice 86 Choosing a Topic 111
Bad Habit Number 1: Becoming Distracted 87 Expanding Your Personal Inventory 111
A Strategy: Expend Energy 87 Turning to Technology: Considering Your Beliefs,
Practicing the Process: Expend Energy 88 Attitudes, and Values 112
Bad Habit Number 2: Faking Attention 88 Concept Mapping 112
A Strategy: Take Notes 88 Turning to Technology: Create Your Own
Practicing the Process: Take Notes 89 Concept Map 113
Bad Habit Number 3: Being Unprepared 89 Researching 113
A Strategy: Prepare Yourself 91 Narrowing Your Topic 114
Practicing the Process: Prepare Yourself 91 The Funnel Method for Narrowing Your Topic 114
Bad Habit Number 4: Prejudging the Speaker 91 Step 1: Select Your General Topic 114
A Strategy: Hear the Speaker Out 91 Step 2: Determine Your Topic Area 114
Practicing the Process: Hear the Speaker Out 92 Step 3: Consider Your General Purpose 114
Bad Habit Number 5: Mentally Arguing and Jumping Step 4: Determine Your Specific Purpose 115
to Conclusions 92 Turning to Technology: Analyzing a Speech 116
A Strategy: Find Value in Every Speech 92 Step 5: Create Your Thesis Statement 117
Practicing the Process: Find Value in Every Speech 92 Practicing the Process: Checklist for Using the Funnel
Turning to Technology: Finding Value in Every Speech 93 Method to Create an Effective Thesis Statement 118
Bad Habit Number 6: Listening Too Hard 93 Applying the Funnel Method 118
A Strategy: Listen Analytically 93 Practicing the Process: Using the Funnel Method to Narrow
Practicing the Process: Listen Analytically 93 Your Topic: 119
Practicing the Process: Checklist for Effective Listening 94 Summary 120
The Ethical Critic: Tips for Improving Critiquing Skills 94 Returning to Technology 120
Characteristics of Ethical and Effective Critiques 94 Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking
Practicing the Process: Checklist for an Effective CD-ROM 120
and Ethical Critique 95 Speech Builder Express 121
Practicing the Process: Videotape Yourself 96 Key Terms 121
Examples of Content, Structure, and Delivery Critiques 97 Activities 121
Practicing the Process: Critique Your Classmates 99 InfoTrac College Edition Activity 122
Turning to Technology: Quiz Yourself 100
Chapter 6
Summary 100
Understanding Your Audience 125
Returning to Technology 100
Why Analyze Your Audience? 126
Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking
Turning to Technology: Understanding Your Audience 127
CD-ROM 101
What Is Audience Analysis? 127
Speech Builder Express 101
Analysis of Demographic Characteristics 128
Key Terms 101
Age 129
Activities 101
Practicing the Process: Considering Listeners’ Age 131
InfoTrac College Edition Activity 102
Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation 131
PART TWO Turning to Technology: Including Males and Females 131
Preparing and Presenting Public Speeches Practicing the Process: Considering Listeners’ Sex, Gender,
and Sexual Orientation 132
Chapter 5
Group Affiliations 133
Selecting and Narrowing Your Topic 105 Turning to Technology: Considering Political
Preliminary Considerations for Selecting a Topic 106 Affiliations 133
Contents vii
Practicing the Process: Considering Group Affiliations 134 Add Breadth and Depth 153
Socioeconomic Factors 134 Appeal to Your Diverse Audience 153
Practicing the Process: Considering Socioeconomics of Bolster Speaker Ethos 154
Listeners 135 Types of Supporting Material 154
Sociocultural Background 135 Facts and Statistics 154
Turning to Technology: Connecting with International Turning to Technology: Locating Statistical Evidence 155
Audiences 136 Turning to Technology: Understanding Statistics 156
Practicing the Process: Considering Sociocultural Practicing the Process: Evaluating Your Statistics 157
Backgrounds 136 Definitions, Descriptions, and Explanations 157
Analysis of Psychological Characteristics 136 Practicing the Process: Clarifying Aspects of
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 137 Your Topic 158
Practicing the Process: Using Maslow’s Hierarchy to Examples 158
Motivate Listeners 138 Narratives 159
Rhetorical Appeals 139 Practicing the Process: Using Examples
Turning to Technology: Examining Rhetorical Appeals 139 and Narratives 160
Audience Analysis and the Learning Cycle 139 Testimony 160
Turning to Technology: Rounding the Cycle of Learning 140 Turning to Technology: Finding Quotations
Analysis of Environmental Characteristics 141 from Experts 160
Chronemics 141 Turning to Technology: Using Peer Testimony 160
Practicing the Process: Considering Time Factors 142 Locating Supporting Material: Research 161
Physical Setting 142 Drawing on Personal Experience 161
Practicing the Process: Considering the Physical Setting Practicing the Process: Considering Your Personal
of a Speech 142 Experience 162
Occasion 143 Research Interviews 162
Turning to Technology: Honoring Occasion Practicing the Process: Guidelines for an Effective
Expectations 143 Research Interview 163
Methods for Audience Analysis 143 Surveys 164
Direct Methods 144 Practicing the Process: Conducting a Survey 164
Practicing the Process: Using Direct Methods 144 Library Resources 164
Indirect Methods 145 Books 165
Practicing the Process: Using Indirect Methods 146 Reference Works 166
Considering Ethics: Integrating Audience Analysis 146 Turning to Technology: Online Encyclopedias 166
Audience Analysis and Topic Selection 146 Magazines and Newspapers 166
Audience Analysis and Supporting Material 146 Turning to Technology: Online and Alternative
Audience Analysis and Structure 146 Newspapers 166
Audience Analysis and Delivery 146 Government Documents and Academic Journals 167
Audience Analysis and Presentational Aids 147 Internet Documents 168
Turning to Technology: Applying Audience Analysis to Your Practicing the Process: Conducting Internet Research 168
Speeches 147 Turning to Technology: Using Internet Search Engines
Summary 147 Effectively 169
Returning to Technology 148 Browsers 169
Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking Search Engines 169
CD-ROM 148 Directories 169
Speech Builder Express 148 Metasearch Engines 169
Key Terms 149 Other Resources 170
Activities 149 Electronic Discussion Lists 170
InfoTrac College Edition Activity 149 Evaluate Resources 170
Conducting Ethical Research 170
Chapter 7
Practicing the Process: Checklist for Gathering Support
Supporting Your Speech: Evidence
Materials 171
and Research 151
Turning to Technology: Evaluating Internet Source
Why Is Supporting Material Important? 152
Material 171
Turning to Technology: Evidence in Advertisements 152
Evaluating Your Evidence 171
viii Contents
Is It Relevant? 171 Transitions 194
Is It Credible? 172 Internal Previews and Summaries 195
Is It Current? 172 Signposts 196
Does It Answer All Important Questions? 172 Practicing the Process: Guidelines for Incorporating
Have You Consulted a Variety of Resources? 172 Connectives 196
Do You Use Various Types of Supporting Turning to Technology: Test Yourself 196
Material? 173 Summary 196
Practicing the Process: Checklist of Ethical Considerations Returning to Technology 197
for Evaluating Evidence 173 Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking
Documenting Your Evidence 173 CD-ROM 197
Turning to Technology: MLA and APA Style Guides 173 Speech Builder Express 198
APA Style Reference List 174 Key Terms 198
Within the Formal Outline 175 Activities 198
Oral Citations During the Speech 176 InfoTrac College Edition Activity 199
Practicing the Process: References and Oral Footnotes 177
Chapter 9
Turning to Technology: Test Yourself 178
Making Lasting Impressions:
Summary 178
Introductions and Conclusions 201
Returning to Technology 178
Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking Why Are Introductions and Conclusions Crucial? 202
CD-ROM 179 Developing Effective Introductions 202
Speech Builder Express 179 Capturing Audience Interest 203
Key Terms 179 Questions 203
Activities 180 Turning to Technology: Questions to Consider 204
InfoTrac College Edition Activity 180 Quotations 205
Turning to Technology: Finding Good Quotations 205
Chapter 8
Stories 205
Organizing Your Main Ideas 183
Startling Facts or Statistics 206
What Is Organization? 184
Action 206
Why Is Organization So Important to Public Speaking?
Humor 206
184 Turning to Technology: Finding Good Jokes 207
Developing the Body of Your Speech 185 Practicing the Process: Guidelines for Creating Effective
Selecting a Pattern for Your Main Points 185 Attention Catchers 208
Practicing the Process: Determining Questions to Be Establishing Rapport with the Audience 208
Answered 186 Establishing Your Credibility 209
Turning to Technology: Organizational Mapping 187 Practicing the Process: Steps for Establishing Your
Practicing the Process: Discovering Relationships 187 Credibility 210
Chronological Pattern 188 Stating the Speech Topic 210
Narrative Pattern 188 Previewing the Main Points 210
Causal Pattern 190 Practicing the Process: Checklist of Elements for an
Turning to Technology: Causal Reasoning 190 Effective Introduction 211
Spatial Pattern 190 Turning to Technology: Chuck’s Introduction 211
Topical Pattern 191 Turning to Technology: Tiffany’s Speech 213
Compare-and-Contrast Pattern 191 Developing Effective Conclusions 213
Turning to Technology: Organizational Patterns 192 Reinforcing the Main Ideas 214
Practicing the Process: Selecting a Pattern 193 Motivating Listeners to Remember 214
Integrating Supporting Material 193 Providing a Sense of Closure 216
Sort Supporting Material among the Main Points 193 Turning to Technology: Beginning and Ending
Add Subdivisions Where Necessary 193 Your Speech 217
Consider the Learning Cycle 193 Practicing the Process: Checklist of Elements for an
Consider Relevance to Listeners 194 Effective Conclusion 217
Practicing the Process: Guidelines for Integrating Your Summary 217
Supporting Material 194 Returning to Technology 218
Incorporating Connectives 194
Contents ix
