Table Of ContentConcrete Technology for a Sustainable
Development in the 21st Century
Concrete Technology for a
Sustainable Development in
the 21st Century
Edited by
Odd E. Gj0rv and Koji Sakai
London and New York
First published 2000 by E & FN Spon
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by E & FN Spon
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
E & FN Spon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 2000 E & FN Spon
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
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known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
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from the publishers.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to
the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any
legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
Publisher's Note
This books has been prepared from camera-ready copy provided by the
author.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book has been requested
ISBN 0-419-25060-3
Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint
but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent.
CONTENTS
Preface ix
Controlled Service Life of Concrete Structures and Environmental
Consciousness 1
O. E. Gjorv
Integrated Design of Concrete Structures and Technology Development 14
K. Sakai and N. Banthia
Integrated Life Cycle Designs of Concrete Structures 27
A. Sarja
A Holistic Approach to Structural Durability Design 41
G. Somerville
Unification of Thermo-Physics of Materials and Mechanics of Structures -
Toward a Life Span Simulator of Structural Concrete 57
K. Maekawa and T. hhida
More Rational Design of Complex Concrete Structures 74
B. Jakobsen
Concrete Technology for Sustainable Development - an Overview of
Essential Elements 83
P. H. Mehta
The Role of Voluntary International Associations in Promoting a Sustainable
Development in Concrete 95
J. Moksnes
Is High Strength Concrete Durable? 102
5. P. Shah, K. Wang and W. J. Weiss
Internal Stresses and Long Term Performance of Cementitious Materials 115
A. Bentur
Cracking Tendency of Concrete: Corrosion of Reinforcement 127
R. J. Detwiler
vi Contents
Concrete Damage Induced by Delayed Ettringite Formation 135
M. Collepardi
The Very Long Term Performance of Cement and Concrete 148
F. P. Glasser
Degradation Model for Reinforced Concrete Structures Under Salt
Attack Environment 159
K. Maruyama, T. Shimomura and H. Hamada
Instrumented Durability Surveillance of Concrete Structures 167
F. Fluge
Sustainable Development of the Cement and Concrete Industry 177
H. Uchikawa
Cement and Concrete Development From an Environmental Perspective 206
P.-C. A'itcin
Sustainable Concrete From a Cement Manufacturers Point of View 218
B. S0pler and T. F. R0nning
Role of Supplementary Cementing Materials in Reducing Greenhouse
Gas Emissions 226
K M. Malhotra
Clean Concrete Construction: An Australian Perspective 236
D. W. S. Ho, S. L. Mak and K. K. Sagoe-Crentsil
Environmental Properties of Building Materials 246
K. Tuutti
High Performance Grouts for Sustainable Development of Infrastructure 253
O. J0rgensen and P. Fidjestal
Present and Future Views of Environmentally-Friendly Concrete 264
M. Tamai and T. Okinaka
New Technology for the Recycling of Concrete - Japanese Experience 274
F. Tomosawa and T. Noguchi
Contents vii
Barriers for Sustainable Use of Concrete Materials 288
H. Kawano
Demountability and Re-use of Concrete Structures 294
H. W. Reinhardt
Recycling Offshore Concrete Platforms 301
K. Hoyland and T. O. Olsen
Use of Recycled Aggregate in Shotcrete 309
C. Chan, N. Banthia and K. Sakai
Management of Concrete Demolition Waste 321
M. Torring
Future Needs in Concrete Repair Technology 332
G. Horrigmoe
Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) as an Economical Alternative for
Construction and Rehabilitation 341
S. A. Sheikh and A. Biddah
High Quality Concrete Made More Resistant and Better Eco Managed
in Aggressive Environment by Coating 360
O. G. Tjugum
Retrofitting: An Answer for Sustainable Development in the 21st Century 374
T. Ueda
Key Word Index 385
Preface
This book is the result of the International Workshop on "Concrete Technology for a
Stustainable Development in the 21st. Century", that was organized in Lofoten, Norway,
June 24-26, 1998. The Workshop took place in conjunction with the Second
International Conference on Concrete Under Severe Conditions - Environment and
Loading" CONSEC'98, in Troms0, Norway, June 21-24, 1998. Both events were a
following up from CONSEC'95 in Sapporo, Japan, August 2-4, 1995, and the
International Workshop on "Rational Design of Concrete Structures" in Hakodate, Japan,
August 7-9, 1995.
The purpose of the Lofoten Workshop was to focus on both problems and challenges for
the concrete industry in the 21st. Century with emphasis on environmental consciousness.
The concrete industry is a large consumer of natural resources that has a big impact on
the natural environment. Therefore, the concrete industry has a great responsibility both
for a more efficient utilization of these resources, and for taking steps to prevent
environmental degradation and to create a better harmony with the natural environment.
In addition to the consumption of natural resources for concrete production, the
production of portland cement is based on a very energy consuming industrial process.
The production of each ton portland cement also releases approximately one ton of
carbon dioxide in addition to a number of other polluting constituents to the atmosphere.
Both premature corrosion of embedded steel and inadequate structural design for seismic
loading are two examples of reduced service life of concrete structures that not only
represent technical and economical problems, but also a huge waste of natural resources
and hence both a local and global environmental problem.
It is a great challenge for the concrete industry, therefore, to obtain a more controlled
service Life of concrete structures. In this respect, it is important to further develop and
utilize high-performance concrete and to integrate structural and durability design as well
as to develop more appropriate systems for operation and preventive maintenance of
concrete structures. For seismic loading, it is important to improve the basis for
structural design. A more rational planning and flexible design for future needs of the
individual concrete structures are also important.
In many countries, large amounts of concrete waste from demolished concrete structures
are produced, most of which is simply dumped. Another challenge, therefore, is to
develop a basis for recycling as much as possible or for total recycling of the concrete
like that for other structural materials such as steel and aluminum.
In addition to the conventional utilization of concrete as a structural material, concrete
also has a great potential for a further contribution to the solving of many environmental
problems. More industrial wastes and by-products can be utilized for concrete
production. Concrete can also be more utilized for containment and embedment of
