Concrete for transportation infrastructure : proceedings of the international conference held at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK on 5-7 July 2005

491 Pages·2005·54.636 MB·English

by  Dhir, Ravindra K., McCarthy, Michael John, Caliskan, Sinan

Concrete for
Transportation Infrastructure
Proceedings of the International Conference
held at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
on 5-7 July 2005
Edited by
Ravindra K. Dhir
Director, Concrete Technology Unit
University of Dundee
Michael J. McCarthy
Senior Lecturer, Concrete Technology Unit
University of Dundee
and
Sinan Caliskan
Research / Teaching Fellow, Concrete Technology Unit
University of Dundee
ThomasTelford
Published by Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London El4 4JD.
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First published 2005
The full list of titles from the 2005 International Congress 'Global construction: ultimate concrete
opportunities' and available from Thomas Telford is as follows
Cement combinations for durable concrete. ISBN: 0 7277 3401 6
Concrete for transportation infrastructure. ISBN: 0 7277 3402 4
Application of codes, design and regulations. ISBN: 0 7277 3403 2
Achieving sustainability in construction. ISBN: 0 7277 3404 0
Repair and renovation of concrete structures. ISBN: 0 7277 3405 9
Use of foamed concrete in construction. ISBN: 0 7277 3406 7
Admixtures - enhancing concrete performance. ISBN: 0 7277 3407 5
Applications of nanotechnology in concrete design. ISBN: 0 7277 3408 3
Role of concrete in nuclear facilities. ISBN: 0 7277 3409 1
Young researchers' forum. ISBN: 0 7277 3410 5
For the complete set of 10 volumes, ISBN: 0 7277 3387 7
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 0 7277 3402 4
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PREFACE
Concrete is at something of a crossroads: there are many opportunities and some threats. For these
opportunities to transpose into beneficial practice, engineers, material scientists, architects,
manufacturers and suppliers must focus on the changes that are required to champion concrete and
maintain its dominance within the global construction industry.
The Concrete Technology Unit (CTU) of the University of Dundee organised this Congress to address
these changes, continuing its established series of events, namely, Challenges of Concrete
Construction in 2002, Creating with Concrete in 1999, Concrete in the Service of Mankind in 1996,
Economic and Durable Concrete Construction Through Excellence in 1993 and Protection of
Concrete in 1990.
The event was organised in collaboration with three of the world's most recognised institutions: the
Institution of Civil Engineers, the American Concrete Institute and the Japan Society of Civil
Engineers. Under the theme of Global Construction: Ultimate Concrete Opportunities, the Congress
consisted of ten Events: (i) Cement Combinations for Durable Concrete, (ii) Concrete for
Transportation Infrastructure, (in) Application of Codes, Design and Regulations, (iv) Achieving
Sustainability in Construction, (v) Repair and Renovation of Concrete Structures, (vi) Use of Foamed
Concrete in Construction, (vii) Admixtures - Enhancing Concrete Performance, (viii) Applications of
Nanotechnology in Concrete Design, (ix) Role of Concrete in Nuclear Facilities, (x) Young
Researchers Forum. In all, a total of 420 papers were presented from 68 countries.
The Opening Addresses were given by Sir Alan Langlands, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the
University of Dundee, Mr John Letford, Lord Provost, City of Dundee, Mr Colin Clinton, President of
the Institution of Civil Engineers, and senior representatives of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers
and the American Concrete Institute. The Congress was officially opened by Mr Peter Goring,
President of the Concrete Society, UK. The ten Event Opening Papers were presented by Professor
R K Dhir, University of Dundee, UK, Mr E S Larsen, COWI A/S, Denmark, Dr W G Corley,
Construction Technologies Laboratory Group, USA, Dr M Glavind, Danish Technological Institute,
Denmark, Professor P Robery, Halcrow Group Ltd, UK, Mr D Aldridge, Propump Engineering Ltd,
UK, Dr M Corradi, Degussa Construction Chemicals Division, Italy, Professor S P Shah,
Northwestern University, USA, Professor C Andrade, Institute of Construction Science, Spain and
Professor P C Hewlett, British Board of Agrement, UK. The Closing Papers were given by Professor
K Scrivener, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland, Mr N Hussain, Ove Arup &
Partners, Hong Kong, Professor H Gulvanessian, Building Research Establishment, UK, Mrs GMT
Janssen, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, Dr D R Morgan, AMEC Earth &
Environmental, Canada, Dr E Kearsley, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Professor M Collepardi,
ENCO-Engineering Concrete, Italy and Mr P Doyle, Jacobs Babtie Nuclear, UK.
The support of 50 International Professional Institutions and 32 Sponsoring Organisations was a
major contribution to the success of the Congress. An extensive Trade Fair formed an integral part of
the event. The work of the Congress was an immense undertaking and all of those involved are
gratefully acknowledged, in particular, the members of the Organising Committee for managing the
event from start to finish; members of the Scientific and Technical Committees for advising on the
selection and reviewing of papers; the Authors and the Chairmen of Technical Sessions for their
invaluable contributions to the proceedings.
All of the proceedings have been prepared directly from the camera-ready manuscripts submitted by
the authors and editing has been restricted to minor changes, only where it was considered absolutely
necessary.
Dundee Ravindra K Dhir
July 2005 Chairman, Congress Organising Committee
ill
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is one of the most commonly used materials for civil engineering infrastructure. The
use of concrete in infrastructure is expected to increase significantly as the urbanization of the
world population increases and this is evident in many of the fast developing economies of Asia
and elsewhere. The provision of transportation in the 21st century is, however, probably one of
the most pressing yet intractable issues. Despite being the essential backbone of all economic
development, transportation is extremely expensive to construct and inevitably impacts on the
environment. Mobility of goods and services in the modern world is paramount and this places a
high degree of responsibility on engineers to develop environmentally responsible yet economic
solutions.
It is the responsibility of the engineers and designers to develop both socially and aesthetically
acceptable buildings and transportation infrastructure. Concrete is the ideal vehicle with which
this can be achieved: consideration of Calatrava's work exemplifies all that is right in this field,
but we can all identify far too many examples of poor infrastructure design.
Durability issues related to the exposure conditions of concrete during its service life is still one
of the most significant challenges for engineers, designers and researchers. Materials research
continues apace and there are many options available to develop concrete that is fit for its
purpose. However, ensuring long service lives, in excess of 100 years, continues to be difficult to
demonstrate to clients, and specifications are still reliant on prescription rather than fundamental
design. In this area, design for durability significantly lags behind design for structural
performance.
A further challenge is the maintenance of the infrastructure stock in many countries; much of
which is in excess of 50 years old. This requires efficient repair and rehabilitation of critical
elements such as highways, bridges and airport pavements, without excess downtime for users or
excessive costs. This is an important development area and researchers and materials producers
must work together to formulate new generations of repair systems.
The Proceedings 'Concrete for Transportation Infrastructure' dealt with all these subject areas
and the issues raised six clearly defined themes: (i) Concrete Pavements, (ii) Bridges, (iii)
Tunnels, (iv) Airports, (v) Marine Infrastructure, (vi) Other Transportation Infrastructure. Each
theme started with a Keynote Paper presented by the foremost exponents in their respective
fields. There were a total of 50 papers presented during the International Conference which are
compiled into these Proceedings.
Dundee Ravindra K Dhir
July 2005 Michael J McCarthy
Sinan Caliskan
iv
ORGANISING COMMITTEE
Concrete Technology Unit
Professor R K Dhir OBE (Chairman)
Dr M D Newlands (Secretary)
Professor P C Hewlett
British Board of Agrement
Professor T A Harrison
Quarry Products Association
Professor P Chana
British Cement Association
Professor V K Rigopoulou
National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Dr S Y N Chan
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Dr N Y Ho
L & M Structural Systems, Singapore
Dr M R Jones
Dr MJ McCarthy
Dr T D Dyer
Dr K A Paine
Dr J E Halliday
Dr L J Csetenyi
Dr L Zheng
Dr S Caliskan
Dr A McCarthy
Dr A Whyte
Mr M C Tang
Ms E Csetenyi
Ms P I Hynes (Congress Assistant)
Mr S R Scott (Unit Assistant)
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
Professor Omar S B Al-Amoudi, Manager, Engineering Analysis Section
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia
Dr Hans-Peter Andra, Managing Director & CEO
Leonhard, Andra und Partner, Germany
Professor Carmen Andrade, Director
Institute of Construction Science, Spain
Professor Ben I G Barr, Carillion Professor of the Built Environ
University of Cardiff, UK
Professor Dubravka Bjegovic, Dean & Professor, Materials Science & Fabrication Technology
University of Zagreb, Croatia
Mr Jesper Sand Damtoft, Vice President
Aalborg Portland A/S, Denmark
Mr Cyrus Dordi, Vice President (Technical Services)
Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd, India
Mr Nigel R Hewson, Associate
Tony Gee & Partners, UK
Dr Dradjat Hoedajanto, Laboratory of Structures & Materials
Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia
Mr Raymund Johnstone, Principal Enginee
Scottish Executive, UK
Dr Klaus Juvas, Director
Consolis Technology Oy Ab, Finland
Professor Johann Kollegger, Professor, Institute for Structural Engineering
Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Mr Neil Loudon, Technical Director
Highways Agency, UK
Mr Rod McClelland, Technical Director
Alfred McAlpine pic, UK
Professor M Saeed Mirza, Professor, Civil Engineering
McGill University, Canada
Dr Ainars Paeglitis, Associate Professor, Dept of Roads & Bridges
Riga Technical University, Latvia
Professor Ioanna Papayianni, Head of Laboratory, Building Materials
Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
Dr Donald Pearson-Kirk, Technical Director
Parsons Brinckerhoff Limited, UK
Professor Musa Resheidat, IACT Chairman
Jordan University of Science & Technology, Jordan
Dr Vlastimil Sruma, Managing Director
Czech Concrete Society, Czech Republic
Dr Jakob Sustersic, Head of Department, Research & Development
Institute for Research in Materials & Applications, Slovenia
Professor Klaas van Breugel, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geosciences
Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
VI
COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS
Institution of Civil Engineers, UK
American Concrete Institute
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS WITH EXHIBITION
Aalborg Portland A/S, Denmark
Aggregate Industries
ARUP
Bid Cities Fund
British Board of Agrement
British Cement Association
Building Research Establishment
Bureau Veritas Laboratories Ltd
Castle Cement Limited
CEMBUREAU
Cementitious Slag Makers Association
Danish Technological Institute
Degussa - Construction Chemicals
Dundee City Council
Elkem Materials Ltd
FaberMaunsell
FEBELCEM
Foam Concrete Ltd
Halcrow Group Ltd
Heidelberg Cement
Jacobs Babtie Group
John Doyle Construction
Master Builders Technologies
vn
SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS WITH EXHIBITION
(continued)
PANalytical
Propump Engineering Ltd
Putzmeister Ltd
RMC Readymix
Rugby Cement
STATS Ltd
Tarmac Group
The Concrete Centre
United Kingdom Quality Ash Association
EXHIBITING ORGANISATIONS
Cambridge Ultrasonics Ltd
Celsum Technologies Ltd
CNS Farnell Ltd
Concrete Repairs Ltd
Germann Instruments A/S
Glenammer Engineering Ltd
John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Metrohm UK Ltd
Retsch UK Ltd
Sonatest Ltd
Wexham Developments
Zwick Testing Machines Ltd
vm
SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS
Asociacion de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Spain
Asociacion de Ingenieros del Uruguay, Uruguay
Association of Slovak Scientific & Technological Societies, Slovakia
Associazione Italiana Ingegneria dei Materiali, Italy
Austrian Society of Engineers & Architects, Austria
Bahrain Society of Engineers, Bahrain
Belgian Concrete Society, Belgium
Brazilian Concrete Institute, Brazil
Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Canada
China Civil Engineering Society, China
Chinese Institute of Engineers, Taiwan
Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrimesores de Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
Concrete Institute of Australia, Australia
Concrete Society of Southern Africa, South Africa
Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri, Italy
Construction Institute, USA
Czech Concrete Society, Czech Republic
Danish Concrete Association, Denmark
Deutscher Beton-und Bautechnik-Verein EV, Germany
Engineers Australia, Australia
Federation of Scientific & Technical Unions in Bulgaria, Bulgaria
Feberation de Tlndustrie du Beton (FIB), France
General Association of Engineers in Romania, Romania
Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, Hong Kong
IX
SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS
Hungarian Cement Association, Hungary
Indian Concrete Institute, India
Institute of Concrete Technology, UK
Institution of Engineers, India
Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh
Institution of Engineers, Malaysia
Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka
Institution of Engineers, Tanzania
Institution of Structural Engineers, UK
Instituto Mexicano del Cemento y del Concreto AC, Mexico
Irish Concrete Society, Ireland
Japan Concrete Institute, Japan
Jordan Engineers1 Association, Jordan
Korea Concrete Institute, South Korea
Netherlands Concrete Society, Netherlands
New Zealand Concrete Society, New Zealand
Nigerian Society of Engineers, Nigeria
Norwegian Concrete Association, Norway
Singapore Concrete Institute, Singapore
Slovenian Chamber of Engineers, Slovenia
The Concrete Society, UK
Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers, Turkey
Yugoslav Society for Materials & Structures Testing, Serbia & Montenegro
Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers, Zimbabwe