Concrete Construction: Practical Problems and Solutions

329 Pages·2019·5.604 MB·English

by  Akhtar Surahyo

Akhtar Surahyo
Concrete
Construction
Practical Problems and Solutions
Concrete Construction
Akhtar Surahyo
Concrete Construction
Practical Problems and Solutions
Akhtar Surahyo
IBI Group
Toronto, ON, Canada
ISBN 978-3-030-10509-9 ISBN 978-3-030-10510-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10510-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966808
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
1st edition: © Oxford University Press 2002
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
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Dedicated To
My Father
Mohammad Ahsan Surahyo
(Deceased 1971)
Foreword to the First Edition
Cement concrete is the most abundantly used material in all types of construction,
particularly in developing countries, primarily because of the cheap availability of
its ingredients, and its versatility of being formed into any practically desired shape
to give the intended structure the size, strength, and properties required for its satis-
factory performance. Through proper selection of materials and adoption of the
correct construction method appropriate for each individual construction project,
concrete can be prepared to satisfy all the requirements of strength and performance
in any kind of location and environmental conditions. Good concrete is, no doubt,
required to achieve this purpose for which standard specifications and procedures
are available in many books and manuals of practices.
Many engineers and technical staff working on construction sites do not have
access to this large volume of literature, besides which they are often unaware of the
results of research carried out on this subject in the recent past. Quite often, they are
ignorant of the specific problems encountered on construction sites. If not properly
handled, these problems can lead to poor quality of construction, and sometimes
even failures.
Based on his practical experience, Mr. Surahyo has tried to put in one volume,
and in a concise form, both the aspects: (a) the properties required of good quality
concrete-making materials and, (b) the factors and mistakes that create construction
problems on the sites. He has also quoted the relevant British and American stan-
dards/specifications with a view to creating awareness among readers about the
importance of adherence to these standards, besides improving their knowledge of
both the quality of concrete and the correct construction practices.
This book is written in simple and easy-to-understand language for the benefit of
engineers and technicians employed on construction sites. It will also be useful for
engineering and technical students in their subjects of Concrete Technology and
Construction Engineering.
Professor Emeritus, Mehran University
of Engineering and Technology, Dr. A. F. Abbasi,
Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
vii
Preface to the Second Edition
The aim of this thorough and comprehensive update of 2002 edition by the author is
twofold: addresses concrete technology as well as concrete construction highlight-
ing the principal causes of concrete deterioration along with protective measures in
the light of Canadian, American, and British standards. Apart from minor changes
in the text, many new topics are included explaining various topics in depth with
examples and pictures, so that the reader looking for any information about concrete
construction should find at one place.
The book is designed to provide the reader with advanced, in-depth knowledge
of both the theory and practical application of concrete technology to prepare the
civil engineering students for a variety of senior roles. The book is equally useful for
all those civil engineering professionals who are involved in construction process.
Providing references from the highly adopted standards within the construction
industry, the book allows the reader to embrace knowledge enabling him to work on
site with advanced understanding of concrete construction. The book would also
serve as a basic tool of information and knowledge for immigrant professionals.
In practice, concrete construction is based on various codes and standards. The
book will enable the reader to understand different nomenclature used for the same
materials in different parts of the world. For example, in the United States,
ASTM-C150 refers various types of cement as Type-I, Type-II, Type-III, Type-IV,
and Type-V, whereas in Canada CSA refers differently same type of cements as GU,
HE, MS, HS, MH, and LH, and in the United Kingdom, the categories of cements
are divided differently in five types based on their composition as per European
standard BS EN 197-1-2000, which has replaced most of the British standards.
Similarly, types, grades, and sizes of steel reinforcement are also referred differ-
ently by ASTM, CAN/CSA, and BS-4449. Additionally, grading requirements for
concrete aggregates are also different in the United States, the United Kingdom, and
Canada. Hence, this book will provide the reader practical information with respect
to concrete construction in the light of various standard codes being used in many
parts of the world.
The book covers the basic information about normal concrete in its first part,
about its grades, and about 14 different kinds of modified concretes including poly-
ix
x Preface to the Second Edition
mer concretes, fiber-reinforced concrete, sulfur concrete, and high-performance and
ultrahigh-performance concretes. It provides complete information on constituent
materials of concrete such as Portland cement, its chemical composition, types of
cement used in various countries, blended cements, and special cements including
physical properties of Portland cement, such as fineness, setting time, soundness,
hydration, and strength with references to ACI, CSA, and BS standards. About 13
admixtures and additives are explained in the book including requirements for the
use of curing and mixing water and coarse and fine aggregates including recycled
concrete aggregates. The book further highlights the physical properties of con-
crete: workability and its methods of measurement, segregation, bleeding, plastic
shrinkage, and air entrainment with various methods of measurement. The book
also describes the structural properties of the concrete: strength, durability, perme-
ability and porosity, shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, creep, and
thermal properties of concrete. The information on concrete British and ACI mix
design methods with examples is also provided.
On the other hand, the second part of the book highlights the principal causes of
concrete deterioration along with protective measures, resulting from incorrect
selection of constituent materials and poor construction methods such as the use of
excess water content, segregation, poor compaction, and inadequate cover to rein-
forcement, incorrect placement of steel, inadequate formwork, poor curing, inade-
quate mixing, and incorrect placement of construction joints. The book further
addresses external factors affecting concrete production such as freezing and thaw-
ing, wetting and drying, leaching, abrasion, overloading, settlement, fire resistance,
and the type of joints including causes of joint failures. Additionally, the book pro-
vides information on chemical attacks such as chloride attack, sulfate attack, car-
bonation, alkali-aggregate reaction, and acid attack. The book further explains hot
and cold weather effects, corrosion of embedded metals in concrete, and various
errors in designing and detailing. A chapter discussing the methods for achieving
quality control and ensuring quality assurance in concrete construction is also
added.
Many new standards have been introduced in this second edition with updating
of some old standards. However, still some old standards and references are retained
because as per A. M. Neville (Properties of Concrete—Fifth edition), they contrib-
ute to knowledge of what is desirable in the understanding of a relevant property.
Secondly, the old references contain the development of our knowledge. Additionally,
the British standards are being replaced by European standards denoted by BS EN,
and this process will be completed up to 2020. Hence, wherever possible, revised
BS standards to BS EN are used; otherwise the old BS standards are retained.
However, the author has provided information about old BS standard used in this
book and its related revised standard at the end of the book under Annexture. Given
continuing evolution of standards, for specific use, the reader can refer to the new or
revised standards specified in “Bibliography” section provided at the end of each
chapter and Annexture, if required.
Mississauga, ON Akhtar Surahyo, P. Eng
Acknowledgments
I would like to recognize with much appreciation my friends, colleagues, and
seniors in the Ministry of Housing (Technical Affairs Directorate), State of Bahrain,
and particularly my daughter, whose brilliant technical contribution to several fig-
ures of this book (continued from the first edition) has served to ensure its quality
and integrity.
I would also like to record my gratitude to Dr. A. F. Abbasi, Professor Emeritus,
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan, for
kindly writing the foreword to the first edition of this book and for his guidance and
encouragement.
I would also like to thank Gour Pado Saha, P.Eng., Quality Control Manager,
from the Coco Paving Inc., Toronto, Ontario, who generously donated his time and
provided technical review of the complete book including with additional input.
I gratefully acknowledge the courtesy extended by the following and others
named in the text, who have kindly given permission for the use of the copyright
material.
ACI—American Concrete Institute
CSA Group—Canadian Standards Association Group
ASTM International—American Society for Testing and Materials
BSI—British Standards Institute
PCA—Portland Cement Association
CIRIA—Construction Industry Research and Information Association
HMSO—Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, UK
Tata McGraw-Hill
R.S. Means Company Inc.
BRE: Building Research Establishment, UK
ICC—International Code Council
OBC—Ontario Building Code
NRC Canada—National Research Council Canada
OPSS—Ontario Provincial Standard Specification
xi
xii Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge the reproduction of material from Ontario Provincial
Standards for Roads and Public Works and Queen’s Printer for Ontario 2008 (last
amended January 2016). The material referred is an unofficial version of the
Government of Ontario Legal materials.
Extracts from “BS Number & Year” are reproduced with the permission of BSl
under license number 2000SK/0472; British Standards can be obtained by post
from BS1 Customer Services at the following address:
BS1 Customer Services
389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, United Kingdom (Tel UK 44 20 8996
7553)
Figures-XX and Tables-YY are reproduced from Design of Normal Concrete
Mixes, second edition (1997), by permission of Building Research Establishment
Ltd, UK. Copies are available from CRC, 151 Rosebery Avenue, London, ECIR
4GB, UK: Tel + 4420 75056622, Fax + 4420 75056606, email [email protected].
co.uk.
Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders, but if any have been
inadvertently overlooked, the author/publisher will be pleased to make the neces-
sary arrangement at the first opportunity.