Table Of ContentCONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
THE STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS
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CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
THE STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS
Editor
J.W. MARTIN
University of Oxford, UK
Amsterdam—Boston—Heidelberg—London—New York—Oxford
Paris—San Diego—San Francisco—Singapore—Sydney—Tokyo
Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
First edition 2007
Copyright r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights
Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333;
email:
CONTENTS
Editor’s Preface vii
Guide to Use of the Encyclopedia ix
Alphabetical List of Articles xi
Articles 1
List of Contributors 467
Subject Index 473
v
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EDITOR’S PREFACE
The Concise Encyclopedia of the Structure of Materials draws together in a single volume a range of articles
which appear in the Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology (EMSAT). This very substantial work
appeared in 2001, the editors-in-chief being Jurgen Buschow, Robert Cahn, Mert Flemings, Bernhard Ilschner,
Ed Kramer and Subhash Mahajan; it has been kept up-to-date by its editors-in-chief in the form of periodic
updates loaded on to the internet version.
Materials Science and Technology is concerned with the relationship between the properties and structure of
materials. In this context ‘Structure’ may be defined on many scales, from the sub-atomic (in the case of
electrical and magnetic properties, for example), the atomic scale (in the case of crystalline materials), the
molecular scale (in polymers, for example), and of course also the microscopic and macroscopic scales. The wide
range of experimental techniques available for establishing material structure on these various scales are
thoroughly surveyed in The Concise Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization, two editions of which have
appeared under the editorship of Robert Cahn.
In the present volume, eighty articles have been selected from EMSAT which deal with metals, polymers,
ceramics and glasses, biomaterials, wood and paper, liquid crystals, as well as some more general features.
Contributions to EMSAT which dealt mainly with the ‘properties’ of materials (be they physical, mechanical,
chemical, and so on), and which made only cursory reference to their structure have of necessity been excluded
due to the constraints of the available space.
John W. Martin
Editor
vii
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GUIDE TO USE OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
This Concise Encyclopedia is concerned with the The nature of an encyclopedia demands a higher
relationship between the properties and structure of degree of uniformity in terminology and notation
materials. Information is presented in a series of than many other scientific works. The widespread use
alphabetically arranged articles which deal concisely of the SI system of units has determined that such
with individual topics in a self-contained manner. units be used in this Encyclopedia. It has been
This guide outlines the main features and organiza- recognized, however, that in some fields Imperial
tion of the Encyclopedia, and is intended to help the units are more generally used. Where this is the case,
reader to locate the maximum amount of information Imperial units are given their SI equivalent quantity
on a given topic. unit following in parenthesis. Where possible, the
Accessibility of material is of vital importance in a symbols defined in Quantities, Units, and Symbols,
reference work of this kind and article titles have published by the Royal Society of London, have been
therefore been selected not only on the basis of article used.
content but also with the most probable needs of All articles in the Encyclopedia include a Biblio-
the reader in mind. An alphabetical list of all the graphy giving sources of further information. Each
articles contained in this Encyclopedia is to be found bibliography consists of general items for further
on p. xi. reading and/or references which cover specific aspects
Articles are linked by an extensive cross-referen- of the text. Where appropriate, authors are cited in
cing system. Cross-references to other articles in the the text using a name/date system as follows:
Encyclopedia are of two types: in text and end of text.
Those in the body of the text are designed to refer the yanother recent review (Padlha et al. 2003).
reader to articles that present in greater detail
ydiscovered by Zerr et al. (1999).y
material on the specific topic under discussion at
that point. For example:
The contributors’ names and the organizations to
which they are affiliated appear at the end of all
The most widely produced steel product is sheet (see Sheet
articles. All contributors can be found in the
Steel: Low Carbon)y
alphabetical List of Contributors.
The most important information source for locat-
The cross-references listed at the end of an article
ing a particular topic in the Encyclopedia is the
serve to identify broad background reading and to
multilevel Subject Index, which has been made as
direct the reader to articles that cover different
complete and fully self-consistent as possible.
aspects of the same topic.
ix
