Table Of ContentConcise Encyclopedia
of Plant Pathology
FOOD PRODUCTS PRESS®
Crop Science
Amarjit S. Basra, PhD
Senior Editor
Heterosis and Hybrid Seed Production in Agronomic Cropsedited by Amarjit S. Basra
Intensive Cropping: Efficient Use of Water, Nutrients, and Tillageby S. S. Prihar,
P. R. Gajri, D. K. Benbi, and V. K. Arora
Physiological Bases for Maize Improvementedited by María E. Otegui and Gustavo
A. Slafer
Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture and Horticulture: Their Role and Commercial Uses
edited by Amarjit S. Basra
Crop Responses and Adaptations to Temperature Stressedited by Amarjit S. Basra
Plant Viruses As Molecular Pathogensby Jawaid A. Khan and Jeanne Dijkstra
In Vitro Plant Breedingby Acram Taji, Prakash P. Kumar, and Prakash Lakshmanan
Crop Improvement: Challenges in the Twenty-First Centuryedited by Manjit S. Kang
Barley Science: Recent Advances from Molecular Biology to Agronomy of Yield and Quality
edited by Gustavo A. Slafer, José Luis Molina-Cano, Roxana Savin, José Luis Araus,
and Ignacio Romagosa
Tillage for Sustainable Croppingby P. R. Gajri, V. K. Arora, and S. S. Prihar
Bacterial Disease Resistance in Plants: Molecular Biology and Biotechnological Applications
by P. Vidhyasekaran
Handbook of Formulas and Software for Plant Geneticists and Breedersedited by Manjit
S. Kang
Postharvest Oxidative Stress in Horticultural Cropsedited by D. M. Hodges
EncyclopedicDictionaryofPlantBreedingandRelatedSubjectsbyRolfH.G.Schlegel
Handbook of Processes and Modeling in the Soil-Plant Systemedited by D. K. Benbi
and R. Nieder
The Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human-Wildland Interfaceedited
by A. Gómez-Pompa, M. F. Allen, S. Fedick, and J. J. Jiménez-Osornio
Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems, Second Editionby Miguel A. Altieri
and Clara I. Nicholls
Plant-Derived Antimycotics: Current Trends and Future Prospectsedited by Mahendra Rai
and Donatella Mares
Concise Encyclopedia of Temperate Tree Fruitedited by Tara Auxt Baugher
and Suman Singha
Landscape Agroecologyby Paul A Wojkowski
Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Forest Treesedited by Sandeep Kumar and Matthias
Fladung
Concise Encylcopedia of Plant Pathology by P. Vidhyasekaran
Testing of Genetically Modified Organisms in Foodsedited by Farid E. Ahmed
Concise Encyclopedia of Bioresource Technologyedited by Ashok Pandey
Agrometeorology: Principles and Applications of Climate Studies in Agricultureby Aarpal
S. Mavi and Graeme J. Tupper
Concise Encyclopedia
of Plant Pathology
P. Vidhyasekaran, PhD, FNA
Food Products Press®
The Haworth Reference Press
Imprints of The Haworth Press, Inc.
New York • London • Oxford
Published by
Food Products Press® and The Haworth Reference Press, imprints of The Haworth Press, Inc.,
10AliceStreet,Binghamton,NY13904-1580.
©2004byTheHaworthPress,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisworkmaybereproducedor
utilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,microfilm,
andrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting
from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Cover design by Marylouise E. Doyle.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Vidhyasekaran, P.
Concise encyclopedia of plant pathology / P. Vidhyasekaran.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56022-942-X (hard cover : alk. paper)—ISBN 1-56022-943-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Plant diseases—Encylopedias. I. Title.
SB728.V525 2003
632'.3'03—dc21
2003002492
CONTENTS
Foreword xv
Sally A. Miller
Preface xvii
Chapter 1. Birth and Development of Plant Pathology 1
History 1
Modern Plant Pathology 4
CAUSAL ORGANISMS
Chapter 2. Bacteria 11
Structure of Bacterial Cells 11
Reproduction of Bacteria 13
Nomenclature of Bacterial Pathogens 14
Classification of Plant Bacterial Pathogens 16
Systematic Position of Crop Bacterial Pathogens 18
Chapter 3. Fungi, Including Chromista and Protozoa 29
Three Kingdoms Containing “Fungi”: Fungi, Chromista,
and Protozoa 29
Oomycota 30
Protozoa 32
Phyla in the Kingdom Fungi 33
Ascomycota 34
Basidiomycota 40
Chytridiomycota 45
Zygomycota 46
Mitosporic Fungi 47
Systematic Positions of Crop Fungal Pathogens
(Including Chromista and Protozoa) 48
Chapter 4. Parasitic Flagellate Protozoa 71
Phloem Necrosis of Coffee 71
Hartrot of Coconut 72
Marchitez Disease of Oil Palm 72
Chapter 5. Parasitic Green Algae 73
Economic Importance 73
Disease Symptoms 73
Life Cycle 74
Disease Management 75
Chapter 6. Parasitic Higher Plants 77
Striga 77
Orobanche 79
Loranthus 80
Cassytha 80
Cuscuta 80
Chapter 7. Parasitic Nematodes 83
Structure of Nematodes 83
Plant Parasitic Nematodes 84
Disease Symptoms 90
Management of Parasitic Nematodes 92
Chapter 8. Phytoplasmas and Spiroplasmas 99
Phytoplasmas 99
Spiroplasmas 104
Chapter 9. Viroids 107
Structure of Viroids 107
Viroid Infection Process and Management 108
Virusoids (Encapsidated, Viroidlike, Satellite RNAs) 109
Chapter 10. Viruses 111
Structure of Viruses 111
Mechanism of Plant Virus Infection 118
Inclusion Bodies 122
Satellite Viruses, Satellite RNA, and Defective Interfering
Viruses 123
Classification of Viruses 124
Systematic Position of Important Viral Pathogens 130
Symptoms of Crop Virus Diseases 140
Mode of Transmission of Virus Diseases 141
Virus Disease Diagnosis 152
Important Crop Diseases Caused by Viruses 152
COMMON DISEASE SYMPTOMS, ASSESSMENT,
AND DIAGNOSIS
Chapter 11. Common Disease Symptoms 157
Chapter 12. Crop Disease Assessment 165
Disease Incidence Assessment 165
Disease Severity Assessment 166
Disease Index 169
Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) 169
Remote Sensing 169
Digital Image Analysis 170
Chapter 13. Crop Disease Diagnosis 173
Diagnosis Based on Disease Symptoms 173
Diagnosis by Immunological Techniques 174
Nucleic Acid Probe-Based Methods 184
Diagnosis of Crop Fungal Diseases 190
Diagnosis of Crop Bacterial Diseases 191
Diagnosis of Crop Viral Diseases 192
Diagnosis of Viroid Diseases 195
Diagnosis of Phytoplasma Diseases 195
Plant Clinics and Diagnostic Service Laboratories 196
Digitally Assisted Diagnosis 196
CROP DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY
Chapter 14. Assessment of Disease Progress 205
What Is Epidemiology? 205
Disease Progress Curve 206
Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) 208
Apparent Infection Rate 209
Chapter 15. Factors Involved in Disease Increase 211
Environmental Factors Affecting Sporulation 211
Environmental Factors Affecting Spore Release 212
Environmental Factors Affecting Spore Dispersal 214
Measurement of Spore Dispersal 215
Disease Gradients 218
Environmental Factors Affecting Spread of Bacterial
Pathogens 219
Environmental Factors Affecting Infection and Disease
Development 219
Chapter 16. Forecasting Models 225
Types of Models 225
Specific Models 226
CROP DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Chapter 17. Biological Control—Microbial Pesticides 239
Trichoderma 239
PseudomonasSpecies 245
Other Organisms 251
Commercially Available Microbial Pesticides 258
Chapter 18. Biological Control—Mycorrhiza 271
What Is a Mycorrhiza? 271
Diseases Controlled by Mycorrhizal Fungi 272
Mechanisms Involved in Biocontrol by Mycorrhizae 272
Mass Production of Mycorrhizal Fungi 273
Commercialization of Mycorrhizae 274
Chapter 19. Breeding for Disease Resistance—
Conventional Breeding 277
Types of Disease Resistance 277
Interaction Between Resistance Genes 279
Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection 280
Near-Isogenic Lines (NIL) 283
Common Breeding Methods for Disease Resistance 283
Breeding for Quantitative (Partial) Resistance Using QTL
Linked with Markers 285
Chapter 20. Breeding for Disease Resistance—
Genetic Engineering 293
Transgenic Plants Expressing Plant Resistance Genes 293
Transgenic Plants Expressing Plant Defense Genes 295
Transgenic Plants Expressing Genes Involved in a Signal
Transduction System 299
Transgenic Plants Expressing Plant Proteinase-Inhibitor
Genes 302
Transgenic Plants Expressing Viral Genes 302
Transgenic Plants Expressing Fungal and Bacterial Genes 306
Transgenic Plants Expressing Insect Genes 308
Transgenic Plants Expressing Animal Genes 310
Transgenic Plants Expressing Detoxification Genes 311
TransgenicPlants Expressing Genes Encoding Antibodies 312
Practical Utility of Transgenic Plants in Crop-Disease
Management 312
Chapter 21. Breeding for Disease Resistance—In Vitro
Selection 325
What Is In Vitro Selection? 325
Types of In Vitro Selection 326
Stability and Heritability of Resistance Evolved Through
In Vitro Selection 329
Chapter 22. Chemical Control—Bacterial Diseases 333
Common and Trade Names of the Bactericides
and Their Uses 333
Effectiveness of Bactericides 336
Chapter 23. Chemical Control—Fungal Diseases 337
History of Chemical Control 337
Development of Commercially Viable Fungicides 339
Ingredients in Fungicide Formulations 353
Types of Fungicide Formulations 357
Classification of Fungicides 367
Mode of Action of Fungicides 371
Spectrum of Diseases Controlled by Individual Fungicides 381
Fungicide Application 395
Fungicide Resistance 398
Chapter 24. Chemical Control—Fungicide Application
Equipment 403
Dusters 403
Sprayers 404
Granule Applicators 407
Seed Treaters 407
Soil Application Equipment 408
