Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming

914 Pages·2004·12.555 MB·English

by  Peter Van Roy, Seif Haridi

ConceptsT,e chniqueasn,d Models
ofC omputerP rogramming
ConceptsT,e chniqueasn,d Models
ofC omputerP rogramming
by
PeteVra nR oy
SeiHfa ridi
TheM IT Press
CambridgMea,s sachusetts
LondonE,n gland
©2004M assachuseItntsst ituotfTe e chnology
Allr ightrse serveNdo. p arto ft hisb ookm ay be reproducienda ny formb y any electronic
orm echanicmaela ns( includpinhgo tocopyirnegc,o rdinogri, n formatisotno ragaen d retrieval)
withoupte rmissiionnw ritinfgr omt hep ublisher.
Thisb ookw ass eti nU\ TEX 2c:b y thea uthorasn dw asp rinteadn db oundi nt heU niteSdt ateosf
America.
LibraroyfC ongresCsa taloging-in-PubDlaitcaa tion
Van Roy,P eter.
Concepttse,c hniquaensd,m odelosf c omputeprr ogrammin/gP eteVra n Roy,S eiHfa ridi
p.e m.
Includbeisb liograprheifcealr enacnedsi ndex.
ISBN 0-262-22069-5
1.C omputeprr ogramminIg.H. a ridSie,i fI.I .T itle.
QA76.6.3V62004
005.1�dc22 2003065140
ShortC ontents
Preface xiii
Runningt heE xampleP rograms xxix
1 IntroductitoonP rogrammingC oncepts 1
I GENERAL COMPUTATION MODELS 27
2 DeclaratiCvoem putatioMno del 29
3 Declarative ProgramTmeicnhgn iques 111
4 Declarative Concurrency 233
5 Message-PassiCnogn currency 345
6 ExplicSitta te 405
7 Object-OrienPtreodg ramming 489
8 Shared-StaCtoen currency 569
9 RelationParlo gramming 621
II SPECIALIZED COMPUTATION MODELS 677
10 GraphicaUls erI nterfaPcreo gramming 679
11 DistributPerdo gramming 707
12 ConstraiPnrto gramming 749
III SEMANTICS 777
13 LanguageS emantics 779
vi ShorCto ntents
IV APPENDIXES 813
A MozartS ystemD evelopmenEtn vironment 815
B BasicD ataT ypes 819
C LanguageS yntax 833
D GeneralCo mputation Model 843
References 853
Index 863
Tableo fC ontents
Preface xiii
Runningt heE xampleP rograms xxix
1 IntroductitoonP rogrammingC oncepts 1
11. A calculator 1
12. Varia.b les 2
13. Functsi..o n 2
14. List.s. . . 4
15. Functioovnelsri sts 7
16. Correct.n.es s 9
17. Comple.x.i.ty. . 10
1.8 Lazeyv alua.t i.o n 11
1.9 Higher-porrodgerra mming 13
1.10C oncurr.e ncy 14
1.11D atafl.ow. . 15
1.12E xplisctiatt e 16
1.13O bje.ct.s.. 17
1.14C las.se.s.. 18
1.15N ondetermainndti ismme 20
11.6 Atomic.it.y. . ... . . 21
1.17W herdeo w eg of rohme re? 22
1.18E xersci..se. . . . . . . . . 23
I GENERAL COMPUTATION MODELS 27
2 DeclaratiCvoem putatioMno del 29
21. Definipnrga ctpircoaglr amlmainnggu ages 30
22. Thes ingle-assstiogrnem ent 42
23. Kernlealn gu.ag.e. .. . 49
24. Kernlealn gusaegmea ntics 56
25. Memormya nagem.e.nt. . 72
26. Frokme rnlealn gutaopg rea ctliacnaglu. a ge 79
27. Except.io.n.s . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 90
viii Contents
28. Advancteodp ics 96
2.9 Exerc.i ses 107
3 DeclaratiPvreo grammingT echniques 111
31. Whati sd eclarativeness? 114
32. Iteractoimvpeu ta.t ion 118
33. Recurcsoimvpeu tation 124
34. Programwmiitnrhge cursion 127
35. Timaen ds paecffiec ie.n cy 166
36. Higher-porrodgerra mming 177
37. Abstrdaacttta y p.e s 195
38. Nondeclanreaetdisv e 210
3.9 Progrdaems iigntn h sem all 218
3.10E xerc.i ses 230
4 DeclaratiCvoen currency 233
41. Thed ata-dcroinvceunr mroedne.tl 235
42. Bastihcr epardo gramtmeicnhgn i.q ues 246
43. Streams 256
44. Usintghd ee clarcaotnicvuer mroednedtli rectly 272
45. Lazeyx ecu.t ion 278
46. Softr eal-ptriomger amming 304
47. TheH asklealnlg uage 308
48. Limitaatnidoe nxst ensoifdo encsl arpartoigvrea mming 313
4.9 Advancteodp ics 326
4.10H istonroitceasl 337
4.11E xerc.i ses 338
5 Message-PassiCnogn currency 345
51. The messagec-opnacsusrmironedgne tl 347
52. Porotb jects 350
53. Simpmlees sapgreo to.c ols 353
54. Progrdaems ifgoncr o ncurrency 362
55. Liftc ontsryoslt em 365
56. Usintghm ee ssage-pmaosdsedilin rge .c tly 377
57. TheE rlalnagn guage 386
58. Advancteodp ic 394
5.9 Exercises 399
6 ExplicSitta te 405
6.1 Whati ss tate? 408
6.2 Staatneds ystbeumi lding 410
6.3 Thed eclarmaotdiewvlie t ehx plsitcaitte 413
6.4 Dataab straction 419
6.5 Statecfoulll ections 435
Contents ix
6.6 Reasonwiintsght a.te. . . 440
6.7 Progrdaems iigntn h lea rge 450
6.8 Casset ud.i es. 463
6.9 Advancteodp ics 479
6.10 Exerc.is.e.s . 482
7 Object-OrienPtreodg ramming 489
71. Inheri.ta.n.ce. . ... . . . 491
72. Clasassec so mpldeatteaa b strac.t.io ns 492
73. Clasassei sn cremdeanttaaab ls tractions 502
74. Programwmiitnihgn heri.ta.n.ce. . 518
75. Relattiooo tnh ceorm putamtoidoenl s 537
76. Implemetnhtoeib njge scyts t.em. . 545
77. TheJ avlaa ngu(asgeeq uepnatri.ta )l 551
78. Actiovbej ects 556
7.9 Exerc.is.e.s . ... . . 567
8 Shared-StaCtoen currency 569
8.1 Thes hared-csotnactuerm roednetl 573
8.2 Programwmiitnchgo ncurrency 573
8.3 Lock.s. . . 582
8.4 Monisto..r. . . . . . . . . . . 592
8.5 Transacsti..o.n. . . . . . . . 600
8.6 TheJ avlaa ngu(acgoen cuprarretn)t 615
8.7 Exerc.is.e.s . .. . . 618
9 RelationParlo gramming 621
9.1 Ther elatcioomnpault amtoidoe.nl 623
9.2 Furtehxearm pl.e.s . . .. . . 627
9.3 Relattiolo ong pirco gram.m ing 631
9.4 Naturlaaln gupaagres ing 641
9.5 A grammianrt erpreter 650
9.6 Databa.se.s. .. . 654
9.7 TheP rolloagn guage 660
9.8 Exerc.is.e.s ... . 671
II SPECIALIZED COMPUTATION MODELS 677
10 GraphicaUls erI nterfaPcreo gramming 679
10.1 Thed eclarative/apprporcoea.d cuhr al 681
10.2 Usintghd ee clarative/apprporcoeadcuhr al 682
10.3 TheP rototiynpteerr alcetairvnteio nogl 689
10.4 Casset ud.ie.s. . ... . . 690
10.5 ImplementthCieUn gIt o.ol. . . .. . . 703
x Contents
10.6 Exersci..se. . . . . . .7 03
11 DistributPerdo gramming 707
111. Taxonomoyfd istrisbyustteedm s 710
112. Thed istribmuotdie.ol.n . . . 712
113. Distriboufdt eicolna rdaattiav e 714
114. Distriboufst tia.otn.e . ... . 720
115. Netwoarwka ren.es.s. ... . 723
116. Commodni stripbruotgerda mpmaitntge rns 724
117. Distribpurtoitoo.nc ols 732
118. Partfiaaill .ur.e.. 739
119. Secur.it.y. ... . 743
11.1B0u ildaipnpgl ications 745
111.1E xerc.i s.e s . . . . . 746
12 Constraint Programming 749
121. Propagate-a.nd.-.se.a.rc.h.. . . . 750
122. Programtmeicnhgn i.qu.e.s . ... . . 755
123. Thec onstraincto-mbpausteamdto idoenl 758
124. Definianngdu sicnogm putastpiaoc.ne s 762
125. Implemetnhtreie nlga tcioomnpault amtoidoenl 772
126. Exerc.i.se.s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.74.
III SEMANTICS 777
13 LanguageS emantics 779
131. Theg enecroamlp utamtoidoenl 780
132. Declacroantciuvrer .en.c..y 804
133. Eigchotm putamtoidoen.l s.. 806
134. Semantoifcc osm moanb stra.c tions 808
135. Histonroitceasl 808
136. Exersci..se. . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
IV APPENDIXES 813
A MozartS ystemD evelopmenEtn vironment 815
A.1 Interaicnttievr.ef a.c e. 815
A.2 Commanldi nien ter.f ace .8 17
B BasicD ata Types 819
B.1 Numbe(risn tegfleorasta,sn ,dc hara)ct ers 819
B.2 Liter(aatlosma sn dn ame)s 824
B.3 Recoradnsdt upl.es. . . . . . .. . . . . 825
Contents xi
B.4 Chunk(lsi mirteecdo )r ds 828
B.5 List.s. ... 828
B.6 Stri.ng.s.. 830
B.7 Virtsutarli ngs 831
C LanguageS yntax 833
C.l Interascttaitveem e.n.ts. . . . ... . . . 834
C.2 Statemaenndet xsp res.s.io.n.s . .. . . . 834
C.3 Nontermfionsrat last emaenndet xsp ressions 836
C.4 Operat.or.s 836
C.5 Keywor.ds. 839
C.6 Lexiscyanlt ax 839
D GeneraClo mputatioMno del 843
D.1 Creative epxrtienncsiipolne 844
D.2 Kernlealn gu.ag.e.. 845
D.3 Conce.pt.s. . .. . . 846
D.4 Differfeonrtmo sfs tate 849
D.5 Othecro ncepts 850
D.6 Layerleadn gudaegsei gn 850
References 853
Index 863