Table Of ContentBernhard Steffen
Gerhard Woeginger (Eds.)
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State of the Art and Perspectives
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10000
Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Editorial Board Members
Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Gerhard Woeginger
RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7407
Bernhard Steffen Gerhard Woeginger (Eds.)
(cid:129)
Computing and
Software Science
State of the Art and Perspectives
123
Editors
Bernhard Steffen Gerhard Woeginger
Technical University of Dortmund RWTH Aachen
Dortmund, Germany Aachen, Germany
ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)
Lecture Notesin Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-319-91907-2 ISBN978-3-319-91908-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91908-9
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Geleitwort
QuotingtheintroductorysentenceoftheprefaceJanvanLeeuwenwroteinSeptember
1995 in [1], it is my pleasure to state mutatis mutandis: “This volume of the series
Lecture Notes inComputerScience (includingitssubseriesLectureNotes inArtificial
Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) marks a truly unique and festive
moment: it is the 10,000th volume that appears in the series.”
Indeed, duringthe46years sincethelaunchoftheLNCSseries in1973morethan
10,000 volumes have been published in LNCS as of today, roughly 1000 volumes
duringthefirsthalfofthis45-yearperiodandmorethan9000volumessince1995.The
10,000volumespublishedconstituteatreasureofaround350,000researchpapersand
make the series an indispensable resource for computer scientists and an outstanding
bibliographic entity across all disciplines of scientific research as well.
In the aforementioned preface of LNCS 1000, a short overview of the beginnings
of the series and of its history up to 1995 is presented, also by pointing to some key
publications. While it is too demanding to survey the developments in and around
LNCSsincethenatthesamelevelofdepthwithinthelimitationsofa“Geleitwort”,we
makeanattempttobrieflysummarizesomemajordevelopmentsandaccomplishments
of LNCS.
ThevastmajorityofthevolumespublishedinLNCShavealwaysbeenproceedings
or post-proceedings drawing together the research papers or revised versions of work
presented at conferences or workshops, thus providing an archival documentation
ofthescientificoutcomeoftheunderlyingmeetings.However,eveninitsearlyyears,
LNCS included course notes, monographs, and advanced school lectures as well,
several of which were among the bestselling and most broadly known ones of their
times.
Not least because of the steep growth in the number of LNCS volumes published
annuallysincetheearly1990s,exceeding100volumespublishedin1993,andinorder
to visually distinguish the non-proceedings literature from proceedings content and
post-proceedings content, starting in 1995 we introduced several LNCS color-cover
sublines: the Tutorials, the State-of-the-Art Surveys, the Hot Topics, and later on, the
Festschrifts. Initially, these books came with a color jacket cover wrapped around the
red-and-silverstandardcover(blue-and-silverforLNAI).However,wesoonlearntthat
librarians didn’t like the jacket covers and mostly removed them before putting the
books on the shelves so we then printed the actual softcover in full color.
TheLNCScolorcoversublinevolumesincludemanyniceandwidelyusedvolumes
covering a broad variety of topics. An outstanding Tutorial is MMIXware – A RISC
Computer for the Third Millennium by Don E. Knuth [2]. Among the LNCS
State-of-the-Art Surveys, it is Neural Networks: Tricks of the Trade by Grégoire
Montavon,GenevieveB.Orr,andKlaus-RobertMüller(Eds.)[3]whichstandsout,not
onlybecauseofitsextremelyhighnumberofchapterdownloadsinSpringerLink.After
year-longdiscussionsbackandforthwiththeLNCSserieseditorsonhowtodealwith
vi Geleitwort
proposals for collections of articles honoring an individual scientist or the anniversary
of a result or of an institution, we introduced the LNCS Festschrift subline; here a
remarkable one is the volume for Zohar Manna on the occasion of his 64th birthday
edited by Nachum Dershowitz [4]. At a time when LNCS was still covered by
Thompson ISI’s Science Citation Index (Expanded), we established the LNCS
Transactionssublines,publishingjournal contentwhileusing LNCSastheproduction
and distribution machinery, thus providing a direct inroad for ISI indexing. Unfortu-
natelyandwithoutanypriorindication,ISIstoppedindexingLNCSinSCI(E)meaning
that the formula didn’t work any longer and most of the LNCS Transactions then had
trouble attracting submissions for publication.
With around 600 volumes published annually, LNCS had reached a critical size,
e.g., with regard to subscriptions by institutions. We therefore decided to source out
growthbyestablishingtheLectureNotesinBusinessInformationProcessing,LNBIP,
and the proceedings series Communications in Computer and Information Science,
CCIS, which also allows for the publication of content from more applied or regional
conferences and which serves as an incubator environment for LNCS. Internally at
Springer, other editorial groups beyond computer science tried to adapt the LNCS
publication model and workflow for their audiences and especially the engineering
colleagues succeeded in establishing several successful proceedings series.
In the second half of the 1990s, when electronic publishing had already been
established for scientific journals, we realized that for the future success of a
proceedings series like LNCS, besides printed content distribution, availability of the
content in electronic version as part of a digital library would become crucial.
Unfortunately, the workflow for feeding, and the structure of, the digital library
established at Springer for electronic journal publishing could not be used for the
production and presentation of electronic LNCS proceedings in a straightforward
manner, mainly because the journal article files processed by professional typesetters
werecleananduniformandincludedcarefullystructuredmetadatainHTML,whereas
the proceedings article files we received in “camera-ready” fashion were prepared by
authors individually using various text processing systems for typesetting on different
machine configurations.
As our digital library colleagues were busy with optimizing electronic journal
publishing, we in editorial had to take the lead in the development of electronic
proceedings publishing at Springer, also in response to a demand expressed by con-
ference organizers and proceedings volume editors more and more urgently. With the
help of our colleague Antje Endemann, as well as with the essential contribution of a
freelancetechnicalconsultant,MarkusRichter,andincooperationwithin-housedigital
library colleagues, we succeeded in 1998 to shoot the first two LNCS volumes onto
SpringerLink: FSE 1997, volume 1267 [5], for which we received the complete col-
lection of article files from Eli Biham, and IDA 1997, volume 1280 [6], with all files
received from Michael Berthold. A few years later, all LNCS volumes, previously
published in print version only, were re-digitized and included in the digital library.
LNCSOnlinehassincesurvivedseveralplatformandproviderchangesand,withwell
over100millionarticledownloadsannually,hasbecomethemosthighlyusedcontent
item in SpringerLink.
Geleitwort vii
The LNCS publication workflow was further refined, e.g., by sending the proofs
of the papers, once they had passed through the light typesetting and normalization
process at our end, to the corresponding paper author for approval. Moreover, in
parallel to the PDF article files, we now produce full-text HTML and offer both
versions in the digital library. Videos can be seamlessly embedded in an LNCS paper
and other files can be provided as electronic supplementary material. We have
experimentedandnowoffer data/code publishingservices andsystematicallyoffer the
inclusion of author ORCIDs. And, last but not least, already back in 2011 [7], we
started publishing in the Gold Open Access mode.
WhenItookoverLNCSinearly1991,GerhardGoosandJurisHartmanishadbeen
onboard as LNCS series editorsalreadysince theformation oftheseries in1973,also
drawing advice from an Editorial Board made up of internationally highly reputed
computer scientists. The LNCS subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence with
JoergSiekmannasserieseditorhadpublisheditsfirstvolume,LNCS/LNAI345[8],in
1988. Initially all proposals were evaluated and decided upon by the series editors,
based on the proposal information received and the context information prepared by
Springer, often relating the proposal to predecessor publications with us. Most often
proposaldecisionsweretakenunanimouslyandthisdidn’tchangemuchwhenJanvan
LeeuwenjoinedasthirdLNCSserieseditorin1994andwhenwegaveuptheEditorial
Board. However, occasionally we got stuck with the evaluation of proposals, even
when taking into account external expert advice. Once, in such a deadlock situation,
Juris Hartmanis stated: “Thinking back on what we were allowed to publish when we
were young I feel we should give them a try” (and he authorized me to quote him on
this statement). And indeed, looking at some of the very early volumes published in
LNCS,onecanfindarticlespublishedevenintheGermanlanguage,whichuptonow
haven’t received significant numbers of citations.
With the expansion of the topical coverage of LNCS and the steadily and rapidly
increasing number of proposals received, especially from China, the need to ask for
externalexpertadvicebecamemoreurgentthanbeforeandthisputmemoreandmore
into a position of managing series editor. Repeat proposals, e.g., conference series
successfullypublishinginLNCSforyears,weregranteddefaultacceptancestatusand
weren’t evaluated in depth each year anew. In 2004, when reaching volume number
3000, a new group of 14 outstanding computer scientists took over as LNCS series
editors providing valuable advice during the years of accelerated growth of the series
and essentially acting as an Advisory Board.
TheLecture Notes inBioinformatics,LNBI,commencedpublicationasasubseries
of LNCS in 2005, with Sorin Istrail, Pavel Pevzner, and Mike Waterman as series
editors and LNBI 3500 [9] as the first volume. In an attempt to structure and classify
the huge amount of content published, topical sublibraries and sublines were intro-
duced suchas theAdvancedResearch inComputingand Software Science, ARCoSS,
as a quality and relevance focused subline headed by Giorgio Ausiello and Vladimiro
Sassone, or, later on, the Formal Methods subline headed by Ana Cavalcanti and
Marie-Claude Gaudel. Conference communities and learned societies, like the
International Association for Cryptologic Research, IACR, whose proceedings we
published from asearly onas 1984and which haddeveloped abundleofconferences
and workshops held each year, sought a publication package deal that would avoid
viii Geleitwort
formal evaluation of individual proposals with its delays and uncertainties each year
anew.In acertainsense, LNCS developed into aholdinginwhichvariousconference
communities and learned societies had their share and their sheltered place for the
publication of their proceedings and post-proceedings.
For me personally, the delayed publication of this anniversary volume coincides
with a major change in my (professional) life: after having been in charge of LNCS
since 1991, I am approaching my legal retirement age and have now handed over
responsibility for the series to my successor Aliaksandr Birukou. Having worked with
Alexformorethansevenyears,Iamabsolutelyconvincedthathewilldoanexcellent
job continuing and further developing LNCS by bringing in fresh ideas. Given this
closing aspect of my involvement with Springer and LNCS, this is a unique oppor-
tunity toexpressmysincere gratitude,externallyaswellasinternally,for awonderful
professional life often overgrowing my private life:
Firstly, special thanks, aswellas my sincere apologies, go toBernhardSteffen and
GerhardWoegingerastheeditorsofthepresentbookandtotheauthorswhosearticles
areincludedhere:thankyoufordeliveringsuchanicethought-provokingcollectionof
expository articles, providing a highly relevant snapshot of the state of the art of
foundationalaspectsofcomputerscience,andpleaseacceptmyapologiesfordelaying
this project.
Internally,Iamreportingmygratitudetoseveralgenerationsofmanagement:some
of the direct and higher-up line managers under whom I worked actively provided
recognition and support, while others at least let me do my thing – and this is by no
means self-evident. And then there is, of course, the entire LNCS Team, now headed
byAliaksandrBirukou,towhomIwanttoexpressmygratitude:firstandforemost,to
Anna Kramer as my long-year right hand, the team’s soul and pacemaker, and our
external communication center; and to Christine Reiss as the technical innovation
expert, workflow specialist and Anna’s substitute; as well as to Nicole Sator as
personal/team assistant. However, eachoftheLNCSassistant editors working with us
in the past and now deserves a big thank you for dealing as project managers with
hundreds of, or even a thousand, LNCS projects during the publication stage and
typicallyunder verytight schedules.Presently,theLNCSassistant editors (inorder of
timeworkingforus)are:ErikaSiebert-Cole,PeterStrasser,IngridHaas,ElkeWerner,
Abier El-Saeidi, Miriam Costales, Sanja Evenson, Alla Serikova, and Lauren Perkins.
Posthumouslyandindeepgratitude,Iacknowledgetheessentialcontributionoffellow
editor Frank Holzwarth, who for many years was our LaTeX-wizard and IT-factotum
and who prematurely passed away in January 2018. A special thank you goes to
colleague editors Ralf Gerstner and Ronan Nugent, around the corner here in
Heidelberg,fortheirinput,advice,andhelponmanyproposalsandprojects,aswellas
to Beijing colleague editor Celine Chang, who, besides running her own publication
program,astheLNCSbridgehead inChina hasbeenofinvaluable helpinthesuccess
of LNCS in this booming country. Finally, my gratitude extends to the production
department, especially to colleagues Viktoria Dobisch and Anja Seibold here in
Heidelbergandtotheircounterpart,JuliaPresselsLoyola,whorunstheLNCSgroupof
well over 200 people at Scientific Publishing Services Pvt Ltd in Chennai, India, for
always being cooperative in incorporating our special requirements into their work-
flowsandforturningaroundavastnumberofprojectsunderextremelytightschedules.
Geleitwort ix
Interacting with the computer science research and development community for
almost three decades, I met excellent scientists and outstanding characters, many
of them working extremely hard. Of course, like in real life, there were also conflicts
and battles to be fought, some even at the kindergarten level of interaction. However,
overall, at home, in the office, on the phone, and in email, as well as in personal
meetings atconferences andduring campusvisits, Iexperienced thecomputer science
researchcommunityasawonderfulworkingenvironment.ThesuccessSpringerhadin
computer science publishing during the past few decades is all due to the authors’
community in the field, to whom I shall remain connected in deep gratitude.
September 2019 Alfred Hofmann
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2. Knuth,D.E.(ed.):MMIXware:ARISCComputerfortheThirdMillennium,LNCS,
vol. 1750. Springer, Heidelberg (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46611-8
3. Montavon,G.,Orr,G.B.,Müller,K.R.(eds.):NeuralNetworks:TricksoftheTrade,
2nd edn., LNCS, vol. 7700. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-642-35289-8
4. Dershowitz, N.(ed.): Verification: Theory and Practice, Essays Dedicatedto Zohar
Manna on the Occasion of His 64th Birthday, LNCS, vol. 2772. Springer,
Heidelberg (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/b12001
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August 4–6, 1997, Proceedings, LNCS, vol. 1280. Springer, Heidelberg (1997).
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