Table Of ContentComputers in Fisheries Research
Bernard A. Megrey Erlend Moksness
l
Editors
Computers in Fisheries
Research
Second Edition
1 3
Editors
BernardA.Megrey ErlendMoksness
U.S.DepartmentofCommerce InstituteofMarineResearch
NationalOceanicandAtmospheric FlødevigenMarineResearchStation
Administration 4817His
NationalMarineFisheriesService Norway
AlaskaFisheriesScienceCenter [email protected]
7600SandPointWayN.E.
Seattle,WA98115
USA
[email protected]
ISBN:978-1-4020-8635-9 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-8636-6
DOI:10.1007/978-1-4020-8636-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008935557
#SpringerScienceþBusinessMediaB.V.2009
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor
byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,without
writtenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyfor
thepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaser
ofthework.
Printedonacid-freepaper
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
springer.com
Preface
ThefirsteditionofthisbookwaspublishedbyChapmanandHallLtd.in1996.
The first edition contained nine chapters and, for all except one chapter,
the original chapter authors agreed to update their chapter. Comparing these
chaptersgivesthereaderanideaofthedevelopmentoveratimespanofmore
than10yearsbetweenthetwoeditions.Inthepreparationofthesecondedition
we decided to add more chapters reflecting some important fields with
significant contributions to present day fishery research. These are the use of
internetforsearchingofinformation(Chapter2),andthepresentstateanduse
of remote sensing (Chapter 5), ecosystem modeling (Chapter 8) and
visualization of data (Chapter 10). This second edition provides a valuable
sampling of contemporary applications. Scientists have an opportunity to
evaluate the suitability of different computer technology applications to their
particular research situation thereby taking advantage of the experience of
others.Thechaptersthatfollowarethefruitionofthisidea.
The history behind this book started in 1989 when we were asked by
Dr. Vidar Wespestad (previously: Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle,
USA)toprepareandconveneasessionatthe1992WorldFisheryCongressin
Athens, Greece on computer applications in fisheries. We agreed that the idea
wasagoodoneandthecomputersessionin1992turnedouttobeverysuccessful.
The computer session was organised in three parts: training classes, informal
demonstrations accompanied by posters, and oral presentations of scientific
papers.Wewerebothamazedbythehighlevelofinterestandthehighquality
of contributions presented at the paper session. The following year we
organised together with Dr. John Ramster (Previously: Fishery Laboratory,
Lowestoft, England) a theme session on the topic ‘‘Computers in Fisheries
Research’’at the ICES (International Council forthe Exploration of the Sea)
statutorymeetinginDublin,Ireland.Theresponsewereceivedfromthecallfor
papersexceededourmostoptimisticexpectations.Atotalof62abstractswere
submitted.NigelJ.Balmforth(thenatChapmanandHallLtd.)whoattended
theWorldFisheriesCongress,askedustoconsiderpreparinganoutlinefora
book on the topic. Based on our two recent experiences, we knew that the
interest level in the international fisheries community was high and we were
convinced thatthere was aneedforsucha bookandthat theideawastimely
v
vi Preface
since we determined that a book that reviews current and future computer
trends in fisheries science applications did not exist. Individuals are quick to
realize the potential of computers in fisheries and more scientists are taking
advantageofthesenewtools.
We believe this book will be of interest to any quantitative resource
management course, fisheries course, or application of computers to fisheries
course. It should also be useful as a background reading requirement for
graduate and undergraduate students taking the above mentioned courses.
Academic institutions with agriculture, fisheries or resource management
programs, national fisheries laboratories, and library systems should find the
book useful. The book will also prove useful to administrators, managers,
research scientists, field biologists, university researchers, university teachers,
graduate and undergraduate students, consultants, government researchers,
andlaypersonsinvolvedinthefisheriesornaturalresourcedisciplines.
Finally we would like to say that we are very grateful for the positive
response we received from all the chapter authors during the preparation of
thisbook.
USA,Norway BernardA.Megrey
October2008 ErlendMoksness
Contents
1 Past,PresentandFutureTrendsintheUseofComputers
inFisheriesResearch ...................................... 1
BernardA.MegreyandErlendMoksness
2 TheConsumptionandProductionofFisheriesInformation
intheDigitalAge......................................... 31
JanetWebsterandEleanorUhlinger
3 ExtendedGuidetoSomeComputerizedArtificialIntelligence
Methods................................................ 69
SaulB.Saila
4 GeographicalInformationSystems(GIS)inFisheriesManagement
andResearch ............................................ 93
GeoffMeaden
5 RemoteSensing .......................................... 121
OlavRuneGodøandEirikTenningen
6 QuantitativeResearchSurveysofFishStocks................... 145
KennethG.Foote
7 GeostatisticsandTheirApplicationstoFisheriesSurveyData:
AHistoryofIdeas,1990–2007............................... 191
PierrePetitgas
8 EcosystemModellingUsingtheEcopathwithEcosim
Approach ............................................... 225
MartaColl,AlidaBundyandLynneJ.Shannon
9 ImageRecognition........................................ 293
ThomasT.NojiandFerrenMacIntyre
vii
viii Contents
10 VisualizationinFisheriesOceanography:NewApproaches
fortheRapidExplorationofCoastalEcosystems ............... 317
AlbertJ.HermannandChristopherW.Moore
11 ComputersinFisheriesPopulationDynamics................... 337
MarkN.Maunder,JonT.SchnuteandJamesN.Ianelli
12 MultispeciesModelingofFishPopulations .................... 373
KennethA.RoseandShayeE.Sable
13 ComputersandtheFutureofFisheries........................ 399
CarlJ.Walters
SpeciesIndex............................................... 413
SubjectIndex............................................... 415
Contributors
AlidaBundy FisheriesandOceans,CanadaBedfordInstitute
ofOceanography,Dartmouth,POBOX1006,N.S.,B2Y4A2,Canada
MartaColl InstituteofMarineScience(ICM-CSIC),PasseigMarı´timdela
Barceloneta,37-49,08003Barcelona,Spain
KennethG.Foote WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution,WoodsHole,
MA02543,USA
OlavRuneGodø InstituteofMarineResearch,Nordnes,5817Bergen,Norway
AlbertJ.Hermann JointInstitutefortheStudyoftheAtmosphereandOcean,
UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA98115,USA
JamesN.Ianelli U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,NationalOceanicand
Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska
Fisheries Science Center, REFM Div., 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle,
WA98115-6349,USA
FerrenMacIntyre Expert-centerforTaxonomicIdentification,U.Amsterdam,
NL-1090 GT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; National University of Ireland,
UniversityRoad,Galway,Ireland
MarkN.Maunder Inter-AmericanTropicalTunaCommission,8604LaJolla
ShoresDrive,LaJolla,CA92037-1508,USA
GeoffMeaden DepartmentofGeographicalandLifeSciences,Canterbury
ChristChurchUniversity,NorthHolmesRoad,Canterbury,Kent,
CT11QU,UK
BernardA.Megrey U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,NationalOceanic
andAtmosphericAdministration,NationalMarineFisheriesService,
AlaskaFisheriesScienceCenter,7600SandPointWayNE,Seattle,
WA98115,USA
ErlendMoksness InstituteofMarineResearch,FlødevigenMarineResearch
Station,4817His,Norway
ix
x Contributors
ChristopherW.Moore JointInstitutefortheStudyoftheAtmosphereand
Ocean,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA98115,USA
ThomasT.Noji U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,NationalOceanicand
AtmosphericAdministration,NationalMarineFisheriesService,Northeast
FisheriesScienceCenter,SandyHook,NJ07732,USA
PierrePetitgas IFREMER,DepartmentEcologyandModelsforFisheries,
BP.21105,44311cdx9,Nantes,France
KennethA.Rose DepartmentofOceanographyandCoastalSciences,
LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge,LA70803,USA
ShayeE.Sable DepartmentofOceanographyandCoastalSciences,
LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge,LA70803,USA
SaulB.Saila 317SwitchRoad,HopeValley,RI02832,USA
JonT.Schnute FisheriesandOceansCanada,PacificBiologicalStation,
3190HammondBayRoad,Nanaimo,B.C.,V9T6N7,Canada
LynneJ.Shannon MarineandCoastalManagement,Departmentof
EnvironmentalAffairsandTourism,PrivateBagX2,RoggeBay8012,
South Africa; Marine Biology Research Centre, Department of Zoology,
UniversityofCapeTown,PrivateBag,Rondebosch,7701,SouthAfrica
EirikTenningen InstituteofMarineResearch,Nordnes,5817Bergen,Norway
EleanorUhlinger DudleyKnoxLibrary,NavalPostgraduateSchool,Monterey,
CA93943,USA
CarlJ.Walters FisheriesCentre,UniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver,
B.C.,V6T1Z4,Canada
JanetWebster OregonStateUniversityLibraries,HatfieldMarineScience
Center,2030MarineScienceDrive,Newport,OR97365,USA
Chapter 1
Past, Present and Future Trends in the Use
of Computers in Fisheries Research
BernardA.MegreyandErlendMoksness
Ithinkit’sfairtosaythatpersonalcomputershavebecomethe
mostempoweringtoolwe’veevercreated.They’retoolsof
communication,they’retoolsofcreativity,andtheycanbe
shapedbytheiruser.
BillGates,Co-founder,MicrosoftCorporation
LongbeforeApple,oneofourengineerscametomewiththe
suggestionthatInteloughttobuildacomputerforthehome.
AndIaskedhim,‘Whattheheckwouldanyonewantacomputer
forinhishome?’Itseemedridiculous!
GordonMoore,PastPresidentandCEO,IntelCorporation
1.1 Introduction
Twelve years ago in 1996, when we prepared the first edition of Computers in
FisheriesResearch,webeganwiththeclaim‘‘Thenatureofscientificcomputing
has changed dramatically over the past couple of decades’’. We believe this
statementremainsvalidevensince1996.AsHeraclitussaidinthe4thcentury
B.C., ‘‘Nothing is permanent, but change!’’ The appearance of the personal
computer in the early 1980s changed forever the landscape of computing.
Today’s scientific computing environment is still changing, often at breath-
takingspeed.
In our earlier edition, we stated that fisheries science as a discipline was
slowtoadoptpersonalcomputersonawide-scalewithusebeingwellbehind
thatin the businessworld.Pre-1996,computers werescarceand itwascom-
monformorethanoneusertoshareamachine,whichwasusuallyplacedina
public area.Today, in many modern fisheries laboratories, itis common for
scientists to use multiple computers in their personal offices, a desktop
B.A.Megrey(*)
U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,
NationalMarineFisheriesService;AlaskaFisheriesScienceCenter,7600SandPoint
WayNE,BINC15700,Seattle,WA98115,USA
B.A.Megrey,E.Moksness(eds.),ComputersinFisheriesResearch,2nded., 1
DOI10.1007/978-1-4020-8636-6_1,(cid:2)SpringerScienceþBusinessMediaB.V.2009
