Table Of ContentComputers and
Microprocessors
Made Simple
GEORGE H. OLSEN, BSc, C Eng, MIERE, MInst P
IAN BURDESS, BSc
COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
Made Simple
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COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
Made Simple
George H. Olsen, BSc, CEng, MIERE, MInstP
Ian Burdess, BSc
A
Made Simple Books
W. H. ALLEN London
A Howard& Wyndham Company
Copyright © 1980 George H. Olsen and Ian Burdess
All rights reserved, including the right
ofreproduction in whole or in part
in any form whatsoever
Printed and bound in Great Britain
by Richard Clay (The Chaucer Press), Ltd., Bungay, Suffolk
for the publishers W. H. Allen & Company Ltd,
44 Hill Street, London W1X 8LB
This book is sold subject to the
condition that it shall not, by
way oftrade or otherwise, be lent,
re-sold, hired out, or otherwise
circulated without the publisher's
priorconsent in any form ofbinding
or cover other than that in which it is
published and without a similar condition
including this condition being imposed
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ISBN 491 02893 8 casebound
ISBN 491 02793 1 paperbound
Foreword
Ofthe countless millions who watch television sets, few will not have heard
of the microprocessor. The revolution that has overtaken us in the field of
microelectronics will have far-reaching consequences for us all. The tiny
computers that operate on digital electronics principles have invaded our
homes, shops, offices, factories and educational establishments to an extent
that could hardly have been realised by the majority of us only five or ten
yearsago. Fromthegameswecannowplaywiththeaidofatelevisionscreen
tothesophisticatedrobotsthatcanmanufacturecomplexpiecesofmachinery
it is evident that the impact ofmicroelectronics must be tremendous.
In spite ofthe importance ofthe digital electronics revolution, it is easy to
bemisled intothinkingthatall ofourtechnological problemsaregoingtobe
solvedbythemicroprocessor. Manytaskssuchasrepairingwashingmachines,
cleaning windows, installing central heating, extending and building houses,
drilling and filling teeth, etc., cannot be performed by microprocessors and
associated equipment. Even in the computing field a digital computer, small
and inexpensive though it may be, is not always the best form ofcomputer
to use as a problem-solving machine. Much depends upon the nature ofthe
problem and the accuracy needed in the solution.
This book is written for those who wish to have an overall view of the
main types ofcomputer. In view ofthe importance of microelectronics it is
inevitable that the major portion ofthe book is devoted to microprocessors.
The book assumes little prior knowledge, although it is desirable that the
reader has some acquaintance with the concepts of differential calculus.
Although it is not intended to be a formal examination text, students taking
"A" level GCE courses, City and Guilds courses and TEC examinations
shouldfindthebookuseful. Questionshavebeen included after each chapter
summary. These are intended to be stimulating rather than the type set in
formalexaminations. It ishoped thatthisvolumewillencouragea search for
further knowledge through wider reading.
No bookcan be produced by authors alone. We are deeply grateful to the
assistance given by the staffat W. H. Allen, and in particular to our typists
Ruth Sanderson, Hilda and Ashleigh Burdess, who have temporarily for-
gotten that weekends existed.
G. H. Olsen
I. BURDESS
Contents
Foreword V
1 Introduction 1
The Computer as an Aid to Work 2
2 Analogues 6
Basic Mathematical Concepts 7
Analogue Computers 18
Summary 31
Questions 32
3 The Electronic Analogue Computer 33
Electronic Requirements 34
The OperationalAmplifier 36
Summary 44
Questions 47
4 Applicationsand Operation ofAnalogue Computers 48
Mathematical Modelling 48
Simultaneous Equations 51
Computer Controls 52
Time and Amplitude Scaling 58
Auxiliary Circuitry 61
Summary 65
Questions 69
5 DigitalComputers 70
Introduction 70
Logic Circuits and Boolean Algebra 73
Flip-Flops and Counters 95
Number Systems and ArithmeticProcesses 107
BinaryArithmetic 109
Summary 112
Questions 113
6 Architectureof a Small Digital Computer 114
Memory 114
Arithmetic Unit 118
Control Unit 124
Summary 138
Questions 139
Contents
viii
7 The Basic Instruction Set 140
Input/Output 141
Skip and Jump Instructions 144
Accumulator Instructions 150
Summary 159
Questions 160
8 Addressing Modes 161
Effect ofWord-Length upon Instruction Encoding 162
Direct and Indirect Addressing 163
Paging 170
Subroutines 174
Summary 176
Questions 177
9 Interfacing 178
Teletype 179
Digital Input/Output 182
Summary 193
Questions 194
10 Digital Computer Software 195
Higher-Level Programming Languages 201
Flowcharts 202
Summary 203
Questions 205
11 Microprocessors 206
Integrated Circuit Fabrication Processes 206
Evolution ofthe Microprocessor 218
Read Only Memory (ROM) 220
Programmable Logic Array (PLA) 222
Uncommitted Logic Array (ULA) 223
The Microprocessor 225
Microprocessor Architecture 226
Types of Microprocessor and FutureTrends 230
Summary 233
Questions 234
Index 237
