Table Of ContentComputer Techniques
in Radiation Transport
and Dosimetry
ETTORE MAJORANA INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE SERIES
Series Editor:
Antonino Zichichi
European Physical Society
Geneva, Switzerland
(PHYSICAL SCIENCES)
Volume 1 INTERACTING BOSONS IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Edited by F. lachello
Volume 2 HADRONIC MATTER AT EXTREME ENERGY DENSITY
Edited by Nicola Cabibbo and Luigi Sertorio
Volume 3 COMPUTER TECHNIQUES IN RADIATION TRANSPORT
AND DOSIMETRY
Edited by Walter R. Nelson and Theodore M. Jenkins
Volume 4 EXOTIC ATOMS '79: Fundamental Interactions and Structure
of Matter
Edited by Kenneth Crowe, Jean Duclos, Giovanni Fiorentini, and
Gabriele Torelli
Computer Techniques
in Radiation Transport
and Dosimetry
Edited by
Walter R. Nelson
CERN
Geneva, Switzerland
and
SLAC
Stanford, California
and
Theodore M. Jenkins
SLAC
Stanford, California
Plenum Press . New York and London
library of Congress cataloging in Publication Data
International School of Radiation Damage and Protection, 2d, Erice, Italy, 1978.
Computer techniques in radiation transport and dosimetry.
(Ettore Majorana international sciences series: Physical science; v. 3)
Includes index.
1. Shielding (Radiation)-Data processing-Congresses. 2. Shielding (Radiation)
Computer programs-Congresses. 3. Radiation dosimetry-Data processing-Con
gresses. 4. Radiation dosimetry-Computer programs-Congresses. I. Nelson, Walter
Ralph, 1937- 11. Jenkins, Theodore M. 111. Title. IV. Series.
TK9210.1571978 621.48'028 79-20872
ISBN 978-1-4684-3610-5 ISBN 978-1-4684-3608-2 (eBook)
001 10.10071978-1-4684-3608-2
Proceedings of the Second International School of Radiation Damage and
Protection, held in Erice, Sicily, October 25-November 3,1978
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1980
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission fram the publisher
PREFACE
In October 1978, a group of 41 scientists from 14 countries
met in Erice, Sicily to attend the Second Course of the Interna
tional School of Radiation Damage and Protection "Ettore Majorana",
the proceedings of which are contained in this book.
The countries represented at the School were: Brazil, Canada,
Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, German Democratic Republic,
Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United
States of America, and Yugoslavia.
The School was officially sponsored by the Italian Health
Physics Association, the Italian Ministry of Public Education, the
Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research, and the
Sicilian Regional Government. In addition, administrative and tech
nical support was received from the Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center and from CERN.
The past 15 or so years have witnessed a significant develop
ment of computer methods in the science of radiation protection.
The radiation transport codes associated with hadronic and electro
magnetic cascades, reactor shielding, unfolding techniques, and
gamma ray spectrum analysis have reached the state-of-the-art level,
and the Erice Course aimed at presenting as comprehensive an over
view of these programs as was possible within the allotted time span.
In addition, however, we are convinced by experience that the
same computer programs are extremely valuable outside the immediate
field of radiation protection. For example, in the period between
v
PREFACE
the end of the Course and the publication of this book, the EGS and
KASPRO programs have been combined and used at CERN in order to pre
dict positron-electron yields from hadronic-electromagnetic cascade
development in extended targets at .400 and 20 GeV, and the EGS and
RETC programs have been combined at ORNL for similar problems. The
CERN calculations are not for purposes of shielding and dosimetry,
but are meant to be used in the design of the LEP and antiproton
storage ring projects. Nevertheless, while the computer programs
that were used for this particular problem have been developed, in
most part, within radiation protection groups at CERN and SLAC, they
have been used extensively for other things in addition to shielding
and dosimetry. The same can be said of the many other computer pro
grams developed elsewhere, i.e., at ORNL and Fermilab.
The lectures that comprise this book illustrate, therefore, not
only the usefulness of various computer programs in radiation pro
tection and damage, but show how they can be useful in related scien
tific fields, such as medical physics, detector design in high-energy
physics, accelerator component design, cosmic ray physics, etc. The
book therefore should have appeal to a wide scientific audience.
Those interested in electromagnetic and/or hadronic cascade calcu
lations will find it extremely valuable as a beginning reference on
the subject.
As users of most of the programs presented in this book, we have
seen a need to explain various facets from the point of view of the
user as opposed to the writer. Users have often become dissatisfied
with their limited knowledge of the codes that they use; even more
than that, the complexity of problems generated by users has dictated
that they know the strengths and weaknesses of the codes. We hope
that the method of presentation given at Erice, and consequently by
this text, will enable users to better understand and appreciate
these computer programs.
PREFACE ~i
A number of people have aided us in our efforts to develop the
Erice Course into the success it was, and in the publication of this
book. We thank Professor Antonino Zichichi, Director of the "Ettore
Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture, for providing us the oppor
tunity to have the Course. Dr. A. Gabriele and Miss P. Savalli were
very much appreciated by all participants at Erice, and we are
grateful to them. Our close friend and colleague, Dr. A. Rindi,
Director of the School of Radiation Damage and Protection, formulated
the initial idea for the Course. His help in conducting this Course
and his advice as to its concept have been invaluable.
Finally, it is very difficult to coordinate the writing and
typing efforts of twelve lecturers in seven countries such that a
uniform and consistent book is created as a result. The editorial
and typing staffs at CERN and SLAC deserve a special thanks. In
particular, Mrs. K. Wakely and Mrs. Vascotto at CERN worked very
hard on this book, and our co-worker, Mrs. Ruth Parker at SLAC, has
been actively involved in all aspects from the inception of the
Course.
17 April 1979 Walter R. Nelson
CERN and SLAC
T. M. Jenkins
SLAC
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTORY LECTURES
Lecture 1: Computer Methods in Radiation
Protection as Viewed by a User 9
Graham R. Stevenson
· . . . .
Lecture 2: The Physics of Radiation Transport 17
Keran O'Brien
LOW ENERGY NEUTRON AND GAMMA-RAY PROGRAMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Lecture 3: The Methods and Applications of Dis
crete Ordinates in Low Energy Neutron
Photon Transport (ANISN, DOT) Part I:
Methods • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59
W. W. Engle, Jr.
Lecture 4: The Methods and Applications of Monte
Carlo in Low Energy (:<:; 20 MeV) Neutron-
Photon Transport (MORSE) Part I:
. .
Methods. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 77
T. A. Gabriel
Lecture 5: The Methods and Applications of Dis-
crete Ordinates in Low Energy Neutron-
Photon Transport (ANISN, DOT) Part II:
. . .
Applications · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 97
W. W. Engle, Jr.
Lecture 6: The Methods and Applications of Monte
Carlo in Low Energy (:<:; 20 MeV) Neutron-
Photon Transport (MORSE) Part II: . . .
Applications · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 99
T. A. Gabriel
ix
x CONTENTS
Lecture 7: The European Shielding Information
Service - ESIS • • • • • • • • • • • 121
C. Ponti
Lecture 8: Cross Section Processing Codes and
Data Bases (AMPX) •••••••••• 123
W. W. Engle, Jr.
Lecture 9: Radiation Shielding Information
Center and Biomedical Computing
Technology Information Center •••••••• 125
T. A. Gabriel
Lecture 10: Approximate Methods in Reactor
Shielding Calculations • • • • • 127
C. Ponti
ELECTROMAGNETIC CASCADE SHOWER PROGRAMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Lecture 11: The Physics of Electromagnetic
Cascade • • • • • • • • • • • • 141
Keran O'Brien
Lecture 12: Solution of the Electromagnetic
Cascade Shower Problem by Analog
Monte Carlo Methods - EGS • • • • 173
Walter R. Nelson
Lecture 13: Some Examples for the Application
of the Monte Carlo Code EGS •• • • 197
Herbert Dinter
Lecture 14: Calculation of the Average
Properties of Electromagnetic Cascades
at High Energies (AEGIS) • • • • • • • 211
A. Van Ginneken
Lecture 15: Electron Dosimetry Using Monte
Carlo Techniques 223
Keran O'Brien
Lecture 16: Application of EGS to Detector
Design in High Energy Physics •••••••• 239
Walter R. Nelson
Lecture 17: Application of EGS and ETRAN to Prob
lems in Medical Physics and Dosimetry 253
Walter R. Nelson
CONTENTS xi
HADRONIC CASCADE PROGRAMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Lecture 18: Introduction to Hadronic Cascades • • • • 269
Tony W. Armstrong
Lecture 19: Particle Production Models,
Sampling High-Energy Multiparticle
Events from Inclusive Single
Particle Distributions •••• • • 279
J. Ranft
Lecture 20: The Intranuclear-Cascade
Evaporation MOdel • • • • • 311
Tony W. Armstrong
Lecture 21: Calculation of the Average
Properties of Hadronic Cascades
at High Energies (CASIM) 323
A. Van Ginneken
Lecture 22: The FLUKA and KASPRO Hadronic
Cascade Codes • • • • • • • • • 339
J. Ranft
Lecture 23: The HETC Hadronic Cascade Code 373
Tony W. Armstrong
UNFOLDING METHODS AND SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
Lecture 24: Unfolding Techniques for
Activation Detector Analysis 389
J. T. Routti and J. V. Sandberg
Lecture 25: Bremsstrahlung Spectrum Analysis
by Activation Method (LYRA, DIBRE,
REruM) • • • • • • • • • • • • 409
Takashi Nakamura
Lecture 26: Application of Activation
Spectrum Analysis Method to Shield
ing (TAURUS, LYRA, DIBRE, SAND-II) 443
Takashi Nakamura
Lecture 27: Activation Detectors and Their
Gamma Spectrum Analysis • 479
M. J. Koskelo and J. T. Routti
