Table Of Contenti
ee
er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. ComputVeOrLU MCE Ihips and
al papmattinative v Paper Clips
e origincific forauthorit
osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the Heidi I. HarTtmecahnnno, lRogoybe arnt Ed .W Koramute,n a'ns dE Lmopuliosey mAe. nTtilly, Editors
been recompd breaks, heaease use the
s orPl Panel on Technology and Women's Employment
ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. CCoommmmiitstesieo onn o Wn BoNmehaeatnvio'sion Eraalm lR paelnosdey aSmrocechni taC la onSudcn iRecnielclaetse adn Sdo Ecidaul cIastsiuoens
the original; liccident
n of e orien a
ohe
w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b
egp
naa
file: This ng files. Pme typogr
PDF esettind so
ut this nal typned, a NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
ogiai
Aboriret Washington, D.C. 1986
ii
ee
er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. NNNotfhofaaOer St t aiTcicoopoIinnepCmanraElmocl : RpeA isrTteti,cseah taeeteheda er preb ecNrmsaohplaj yaCoetni cnPooctsnu reitaenb.hlscla esAit l 2,fic so1wa r0td hht1eheo m eCsse yuro e bmnopjfseeo tEmcritttn ubowgetfiier nostrhe neaei srcAre ihrn veodgepsr,.aoe ,a wnrNnt nfdWwo ftrarh soWteh ma eIapn itsrpsh hrtseioipt nvucegeotcetduio a onblnfc yc, iM olDtsmh eCoedpf iG e2ctth0ioene4vne 1ecN.8 reTanstih ianoeng nmd aB lewo mAiatrbchdae rdroesefg m oatfhryde
pnv This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
al pamattiative aenpcperos,v tehde bNya ati oRneaplo Artc Radeevmieyw oCf oEmnmgiinteteeer icnogn, sainstdi nthge o Ifn msteitmutbee orsf oMf ethdeic Ninaet.ional Academy of Sci-
e origincific forauthorit tion ga sksTnoohcweia lNteeda ttghieoe n abanrldo R aaedds vceioasmricnmhg Cuthnoeiut yfne codifel rwsaclai esg noecvsetea rabnnlmids ehtenectd.h bTnyoh letoh Cgey oN uwanitctihoil n toahple e AAracctaeadsde eimnm yay csoc fpo Surdcrpiaeonnscceees ws o iifnt hf 1u9rt1h6er-
been recomposed from XML files created from thd breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-speease use the print version of this publication as the g1tSmAMAotNATCHFPUAii8eforcoohacc.cceRe oenS6inunLeraaaawnedgCne3.n. ddddant oN ilrreT,,sd Teeeecbeaac FfgcwtRmmmmiahto mlehhniuitt tisere ehhpCieiyyyensF,, one e io a -d CCwctpowpsncooF inlh Uh nuiueroo,ffiuhadeec os i bnrut.neSSnir ita hSjpNctledieansedndcchiaeoh.s atccc idi aetpea r Dttcee,ietRdtss hiab ol onnitNdoate heetoeeolohanccni neitap canscolbseaeeIskd,s tahtkhann rsliossui s trismnl beoe. ts fhs tdb atohatof smeCnhseiipnieefe nel entae t ocordole uJhnnNsledlsiomnofg te veu cdtA o emesthyrihc aia m n ufA webnc oooetFl ea penn ay i1nffc c onDN,spY ta td a 9toCiMuhsdtdrotefd.ah6oiniine ioirmoobteawece4rst tdimnrpnkmnue cdo yaiiAaa rda,rdtbtinmtf ynniiehclo it coauno b oCdthid ieafalrinntcpsyn e oi rdasei1AEessuEo c ,pn teCn uf .9abnhenfm caauamge T7rl,hseganplrn iosip 0ryaayhcdidrnof dminli,nir, re en ep onivp uleotrd nmn eeehey Naeoneamw gosr retsmbrl ydTi aae nciip nhEyf ecAnctt,.oeforegi ii ry.ogenonMcontncf l h Cdmtf homctngstiihEr eiseaoon naP uevspes anrcmr lpNtdlcoe uaatg tAhgparhiA illlnemeaePeoiueuyi ernsifcntnc pftm,t.e iu uWe hy hicaccwoeusStnneo, uodye,r nn olo idrti rtr ne ostahtFidafhoim shimendl atFaneeo efp y lgtuntR erotsdf yuhrb eE c -.naoui t enFae goctvtohsIcrfnents dohotte a o feoechd Bdiai un vti ftnsahEc aecotssno uet iroont t hu hwnordlcarhficmnooanoseegonhdaeomecrlg ainiu,t miioNntnn edCiurcy,eentoggg re hi a rntsodtnDonnycre h teoetmoueaeoif;ir se re fos st ifndWs.nvt tiievnt snhAuhgco tetimiegwheaceiipeuonrnlll nleee bopr insal AdU( tsdietA epnoaNhNa;ir c r.nltmdsrem jcaSosa tRatoicw cahn hgt. ted ialhi Ctdhaedniun nDoeh pWaene p td)itmnehtrl fem drhicyI tAFaie.pongey nco e lyaFuMaggrbdo as rl I nlNrrpty ntmvoonottiahedot mehftfadrmbll iu.rraelotyn uoenoatiT f.ieosnto--nshth nttforerayfal-
s orPl Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. NatioCBInPnoiaacbmlnll uieRpodlue geostrsenea ir apnT rchdcehyehci:xh p pC.ns. ooalunondgc ypil a ap(nUedr. SWc.l)iop mCs.oemnsm Eimttepel ooynm Wenot.mens Employment and Related Social Issues.
the original; liccident AutoC1m.o aWntitoeonnm.t se3:n. v Mw. 1hic.i rt[eow ecilotehlclotaruro twn sipocerskc—eiarSls o—tictilEaefl] faescpt eocft ste. c4h. nWoloomgiecna—l inEnmopvlaotyiomnes notn. .5 2. .W Oofmficeen —pra Ectmicpel—oy-
on of he orieen a mLoeunits—e AG.o IvVer:n. mTietlnet. policy—United States. I. Hartmann, Heidi I. II. Kraut, Robert E. III. Tilly,
w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b IPHSrDBin6Nt3e d30 1-i3n.10 t89h.-Me0 U3369n8Nit8e3-d78 S1t9a8te6s 3o3f1 A.4m′8e1r6ic5a137′0973 86-18113
egp
naa
file: This ng files. Pme typogr
PDF esettind so
ut this nal typned, a
ogiai
Aboriret
iii
ee
er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. LOUFIaScEulP tyAa, n.N eTelw IoL SnLc YhTo eo(clC hfhonar oiSrlo)o,c giaCylo Ramenmsdeiat tWreceh oomn enH'iss toErimcapl loSytumdieesn, tGraduate
pnv
al pamattiative TFRAAMNACRI NDE. B DE.R BMLAANUN, D, Wepoarrktm Reenste aorfc hE cInosntoitmutiecss, aOnsdlo I, nNstoitruwtea yof Labor and
e origincific forauthorit DENINndIuSs triCalH RAelMatOioTns,, UPnriovfeersssitiyo noafl IlliEnmoipsloyees Department, AFL-CIO,
osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the GMRWRSMHOOLAIIICLOSBRRWSSTHLLERacTeLYIaliARcIIaeEAshANNrnTEhYnMic ie LonFLeE d lTg ,ENMo,.. J t W.gaEoKL ... n yn RHaDRPJd,Ms NO UIBDAhMOiSAEBH.UnCaRTRBLgNTc.,EthACG o,SA i,nBROnO ,r ,DeMet DMNDh leWlu,a, p. , CCJsr ao RsAoDIr.rantk.mcmm,.te heHLmreerusinnriust,cit taencA kltteaioiotcF,onsf ra InL yNtnEaAi -cCoulCc .snro,oIss snOUrCoe noRcs,ane m imWeiAarossitbsnci,ea osrsa Msoin,rhd cco iiMgichnffae ho,gat ,.riI tsEo Monslntncaeha,.,cc , esB hDts Mru.o.oACsosnedtr.iotrvctins,as ,nt IoMcTnweseamtncsit,hse u.Nnntiet.c J a.oolff,
been recompd breaks, heaease use the FTDREOERNLDEAoESsLA RAD IAn CJg.. Ke SlTe UAsRL. ELRIIOMVEAASNNC,, HPD,o eCppuiatlriacttmoiorepnn, RtN oeesfw eSa Yroccohiro Ckloegnyte, rU, Uninvievresristiyt yo of fC Taelxifaosrnia,
s orPl ROBERT K. YIN, COSMOS Corporation, Washington, D.C.
ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. PHLWAUEITCLIDRLILIII ACEI. MIAHA .A A ZDR.A IVTGVMAIERUALOGNLLHANAA,, MMSNtuOe, rJd,rRy iSl .lD,t aCSifrotfea lAcfleftso gAsreos,c sUiiasntteaivnetrsity of California, Santa Cruz
the original; liccident
n of e orien a
ohe
w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b
egp
naa
file: This ng files. Pme typogr
PDF esettind so
ut this nal typned, a
ogiai
Aboriret
iv
ee
er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. ACCLEoICmCImEL ISiAt.t IePLe.C oBHnUM RWACNoImA (CGehAna',i srO )E, fPfmirceeps ildooefy ntmth, eSe anDrate haa nLn adawn Rrde neVcleaic tCee odPll reSogvoeocsita, lS Itasnsfuoerds
pnv
al pamattiative CYNUTnHivIeArs itFyUCHS EPSTEIN, Graduate Center, City University of New
e origincific forauthorit LAWYRorEkN, aCnEd RMus. seKllA SHagNe, FDoeupnadratmtioenn,t Noefw E Ycoonrkomics and Institute of Labor
osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the GNIRLGREJSEOLOOAEAAAEOUNBBRBTaNAIEEEYMnEeS NdR RBc LEEIO hOIA TT . nRnVR A R KKodE.M.F l.u EQO oS.HIs T.gKRAEt UFOrIySiLW KRLIaMOLNDlLAE HMLRIN,Y,U L OIeDM,E,LT Ll DWaeSCL,oEtp e ionBN,a,oRp mtrTenDacOt,lrs lmmhlSeatR, em CpietiU rotTanU,ote nnretOnNmtr eiemobtv N . mfCJaooee .,nrPfnuen s G n onAtIiH tnilteoycniesoitf ratsitor h,citt gEtiforaWuo eorlcItn tilpoeeSoclso,ilnawc nlWlRoleioo nesmeSgin alssUetyicseucyh,enad s ,DiirC, inv cUeuMgoehsnktlr,,ol asieeIGvnis ngtUes,yrc earaD n.scL,dii h.vtMuaCyuewa .sorto eesrCfi tr ttFiCeyssan thIcotineuwcrslattngiy,to ,uN tNe.J e.owf
been recompd breaks, heaease use the DONSLAcohsL oADonl Jgfo.e rlT eSsRoEciIaMl RAeNse, aDrcehpartment of Sociology, University of California,
s orPl
ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted.
the original; liccident
n of e orien a
ohe
w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b
egp
naa
file: This ng files. Pme typogr
PDF esettind so
ut this nal typned, a
ogiai
Aboriret
CONTENTS v
ee
er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. Contents
pnv
al pamattiative
e origincific forauthorit
osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the 1 . CPATreocecknTfhnateencocnISOoewhntolusnfolc,oteog piVrdalimuocglot gamC alaliut coeniCmoanndlhntte seEaC TIxnmhIetg acpoenhl fago nTneyodemloc Wehgnnioeto:ms lToergnei ncWadlso Crakhneadrn sIg niente trhpere Otaftfiiocnes v11xixi03167vii
been recompd breaks, heaease use the WoOWmvheeynr 'vsTi eEewcmhpnloolyomgye nMtay Affect Women Differentially 111898
n of the original work has e original; line lengths, woren accidentally inserted. Pl 2 . HisWTTtohhoreeBSIAirn cekTAacascenceulurr oklrePtseaou t aTpianmnnthrectt ieoaalePelrtn nesrenCteirdssnsl aetaoOinrnnfkdf dgTfs i TBecaecenolh deaon pnkPohdkulo eobInegtlspieis c eWhOarislpno Cegrkrhaeatrnosgrse 4433322204238594
ohe
w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b RNCeoutnrasciilln uCgs ilaoenrnkdss Nurses 455882
egp
naa
file: This ng files. Pme typogr
PDF esettind so
ut this nal typned, a
ogiai
Aboriret
CONTENTS vi
ee
er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. 3. EfftPeicorotnUsba olnle fdSm eThrseil fycitnhsin nEgom lFopaglcoitcoyamrls Cenhta Pnrgoej:e Ectmiopnlsoyment Levels and Occupa- 666233
pnv Data Problems 66
al pamattiative The Supply of Women Workers 68
e origincific forauthorit PLraobjoerc tFioonrcse o Pf aLratibcoipr aFtioornc eR Paatertsicipation Rates 6780
s been recomposed from XML files created from thord breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-spePlease use the print version of this publication as the TROheuecUOOOOTSPETODJtl eorooPdhhnvvctcenobhuoueeoccmeeet je rk uucLtrremDITceroaaa ppcno fenprllgtFetaafollseisitlrml toteosri onGGuaiioa anoondpyCaealfrrtanns nnnmshu ooEllC aaedcdior wwiecfAllerenh f fnf DittsS S aeTtcohhoAC ttnchhoiararfslgt gliief iespWL ff neneE Wttrlo-assm diamoiSc bfcnsWore apo epT kminlCedrnl ieet Ecote l SrchWCeoiynsmfhuirfmi'lninsp ocpect oep hrrlCLaRoiknllelcaolyye at eaWbLgrtmrlesoii acEoscerba anrmFolklt roCpW rFlhcoooeayrr nmckPgeaeerntitcipation 111100127777788888893314235991366896
ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. 4 . EffCEecmotnsp collofuy sTmioeecnnhtn Qoluoagliictyal Change: the Quality of Employment 111222577
the original; liccident DWeofrinkienrsg' ESmatipslfoaycmtioenn ta Qndu aAlitttyitudes 112391
on of he orieen a WJobo rCkionngt eCnot:n Jdoibti oFnrsagmentation and the Deskilling Debate 113463
w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b ImpTTECmlhhcoeeoeemnn nctRRe olQnuoomtsullieeiinaoc gloo niC fftTy oMWencaoshnirdnkaeogerlreaosrtgsioicnasl Change and Improving Employ- 111115554501780
neagap Conclusion 165
file: This ng files. Pme typogr
PDF esettind so
ut this nal typned, a
ogiai
Aboriret
CONTENTS vii
ee
er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. 5 . ConESEcumdlmuupcsmlaiootayinromsyn ea, nnTtd rS aRienecicunorgimt,y am naendnd Rd Faetltieroaxniinsbiinligty 111177660277
pnv Expansion of Women's Job Opportunities 173
al pamattiative Adaptive Job Transitions 175
e origincific forauthorit Ideanntidf iPcaraticotnic aend Dissemination of Good Technological Design 177
osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the BRIniedofEDMWeegxprarooeaitlnarnpoki chagteeoinurcsr deaiPn lRa gSre tkHisceeeitapacrlahcttehhiso CN nooef nePdcaesnrenls Members and Staff 211112107788077991318
been recompd breaks, heaease use the
s orPl
ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted.
the original; liccident
n of e orien a
ohe
w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b
egp
naa
file: This ng files. Pme typogr
PDF esettind so
ut this nal typned, a
ogiai
Aboriret
VOLUME II: CASE STUDIES AND POLICY PERSPECTIVES viii
ee
er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. Contents
pnv
al pamattiative
e origincific forauthorit
osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the I. VOvoEerllvi uiGewmin zTbeeec rhIgnIo:lo Cgy,a Wsoesm pSenet, cuantddi viWeeossr ka: Pnodlic yP Poerlsipcecyti vPeser-
been recompd breaks, heaease use the II. CasTeh SeS ttTuudedicyeh son ofo flt ohWgei oIcnmasle uTnrra Wanncosefr okInremdrsua sattinroydn Ionff oWrmhiattei-oCno Tlleacr hWnoolrokg:y A Case
s orPl Barbara Baran
ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. N"MewBSahco Thaoierknockehnesn eHIopnaliosnrtgtgemya daa nno dfS tOCroflefmirckes "T: rTadeicthionno:l oTghye aNnodt -tShoe -FCehmaningiiznagtion of
the original; liccident WMaorryld C o.f M thuer pShercereetary
n of e orien a Integrated Circuits/Segregated Labor: Women in Three Computer-
w digital representatioe breaks are true to thhic errors may have be RMeylraate Sdt rOocbceurp aantido nCsarolyn Arnold
egp
naa
file: This ng files. Pme typogr
PDF esettind so
ut this nal typned, a
ogiai
Aboriret
VOLUME II: CASE STUDIES AND POLICY PERSPECTIVES ix
ee
er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. III. TecWhnoPComelloaresgunpyd'se i acaEnt imGdv peoTllrodeyinnmdes nint aEnmd pTleocyhmneonlotgical Change: A Historical
pnv Recent Trends in Clerical Employment: The Impact of Technologi-
al pamattiative cal Change
e origincific forauthorit ResHtr.u Acltluarnin Hg uWnto arkn:d T Teimmpoothrayr Ly., HPaurnt-ttime, and At-Home
s been recomposed from XML files created from thord breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-spePlease use the print version of this publication as the I V. PolMTNEichmeyaewEFfTtBtAEEn pioo PhoNmerlima l ralOeoyCling eeieppnrEny iceflwsran llaeefqinpForonitgrr uy cyeTyyS di.A P cae cTemh JWeHpal( toro.eca iRlpes EelvechNnr i,neWnesee hcmndaoltt)ws inbo i FneypoBnTooalsdelrrolurou okla oigalTsdmynsegiyi rmen niat arcaihendenanesndeglds t A C US OTtOhpahnepepplacilp olpnyhNiono cgnWresareotwt ut:yluii onnoR anEg intiWettciti seyoeopessfn:os oOtnTemsfhrfenyeis c: E S eoSu tfoSr ruGmoycpsoetteuv eI remamern n podTmlf eiC cEecaanhdtntniu,oaocdnlaoas-gy
ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted.
the original; liccident
n of e orien a
ohe
w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b
egp
naa
file: This ng files. Pme typogr
PDF esettind so
ut this nal typned, a
ogiai
Aboriret
