Computational Methods in Electromagnetic Compatibility: Antenna Theory Approach versus Transmission Line Models

417 Pages·2018·17.013 MB·417\417

by  Dragan Poljak, Khalil El-Khamlichi Drissi

ComputationalMethodsinElectromagneticCompatibility
Computational Methods in Electromagnetic
Compatibility: Antenna Theory Approach
versus Transmission line Models
DraganPoljakandKhalilElKhamlichiDrissi
Thiseditionfirstpublished2018
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Poljak,D.(Dragan),author.|Drissi,KhalilE.(KhalilEl
Khamlichi),author.
Title:Computationalmethodsinelectromagneticcompatibility/byDragan
Poljak,KhalilElKhamlichiDrissi.
Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2018.|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2017054464(print)|LCCN2017059021(ebook)|ISBN
9781119337195(pdf)|ISBN9781119337072(epub)|ISBN9781119337171
(cloth)
Subjects:LCSH:Electromagneticcompatibility–Dataprocessing.|
Electromagnetism–Mathematics.
Classification:LCCTK7867.2(ebook)|LCCTK7867.2.P6532018(print)|DDC
621.38–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017054464
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:©shuoshu/Gettyimages
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Tomylifetimeinspiration,tomybeloveddaughters,mywife,mysister,my
mother,andtotheeverlastingmemoryofmyfatherwhorecentlypassedaway
andwhowillneverbeforgotten…
DraganPoljak
Tomydearparents,foralltheirsacrifices,theirlove,theirtenderness,their
supportandtheirprayers.AspecialthoughttomymotherwhomImiss
terribly,IthinkofyoueverydayandIwillprobablynevercometotermswith
thewayyourlifeendedonthisearth.
KhalilElKhamlichiDrissi
vii
Contents
Preface xiii
PartI ElectromagneticFieldCouplingtoThinWire
ConfigurationsofArbitraryShape 1
1 ComputationalElectromagnetics–IntroductoryAspects 3
1.1 TheCharacterofPhysicalModelsRepresentingNatural
Phenomena 3
1.1.1 ScientificMethod,aDefinition,History,Development...? 3
1.1.2 PhysicalModelandtheMathematicalMethodtoSolvethe
Problem–TheEssenceofScientificTheories 4
1.1.3 PhilosophicalAspectsBehindScientificTheories 7
1.1.4 OntheCharacterofPhysicalModels 8
1.2 Maxwell’sEquations 9
1.2.1 OriginalFormofMaxwell’sEquations 9
1.2.2 ModernFormofMaxwell’sEquations 10
1.2.3 FromtheCornerofPhilosophyofScience 12
1.2.4 FDTDSolutionofMaxwell’sEquations 13
1.2.5 ComputationalExamples 16
1.3 TheElectromagneticWaveEquations 19
1.4 ConservationLawsintheElectromagneticField 20
1.5 DensityofQuantityofMovementintheElectromagneticField 22
1.6 ElectromagneticPotentials 25
1.7 SolutionoftheWaveEquationandRadiationArrowofTime 25
1.8 ComplexPhasorFormofEquationsinElectromagnetics 27
1.8.1 TheGeneralizedSymmetricFormofMaxwell’sEquations 27
1.8.2 ComplexPhasorFormofElectromagneticWaveEquations 29
1.8.3 PoyntingTheoremforComplexPhasors 29
References 31
viii Contents
2 AntennaTheoryversusTransmissionLine
Approximation–GeneralConsiderations 33
2.1 ANoteonEMCComputationalModels 33
2.1.1 ClassificationofEMCModels 34
2.1.2 SummaryRemarksonEMCModeling 34
2.2 GeneralizedTelegrapher’sEquationsfortheFieldCoupling
toFiniteLengthWires 35
2.2.1 FrequencyDomainAnalysisforStraightWiresaboveaLossy
Ground 36
2.2.1.1 IntegralEquationforPECWireofFiniteLengthaboveaLossy
Ground 37
2.2.1.2 IntegralEquationforaLossyConductoraboveaLossy
Ground 39
2.2.1.3 GeneralizedTelegraphersEquationsforPECWires 39
2.2.1.4 GeneralizedTelegraphersEquationsforLossyConductors 42
2.2.1.5 NumericalSolutionofIntegralEquations 43
2.2.1.6 SimulationResults 46
2.2.1.7 SimulationResultsandComparisonwithTLTheory 46
2.2.2 FrequencyDomainAnalysisforStraightWiresBuriedinaLossy
Ground 51
2.2.2.1 IntegralEquationforLossyConductorBuriedinaLossy
Ground 51
2.2.2.2 GeneralizedTelegraphersEquationsforBuriedLossyWires 54
2.2.2.3 ComputationalExamples 56
2.2.3 TimeDomainAnalysisforStraightWiresaboveaLossyGround 61
2.2.3.1 Space–TimeIntegro-DifferentialEquationforPECWireabovea
LossyGround 61
2.2.3.2 Space–TimeIntegro-DifferentialEquationforLossyConductors 65
2.2.3.3 GeneralizedTelegraphersEquationsforPECWires 66
2.2.3.4 GeneralizedTelegrapher’sEquationsforLossyConductors 70
2.2.4 TimeDomainAnalysisforStraightWiresBuriedinaLossy
Ground 74
2.2.4.1 Space–TimeIntegro-DifferentialEquationforPECWirebelowa
LossyGround 74
2.2.4.2 Space–TimeIntegro-DifferentialEquationforLossyConductors 79
2.2.4.3 GeneralizedTelegrapher’sEquationsforBuriedWires 80
2.2.4.4 ComputationalResults:BuriedWireScatterer 82
2.2.4.5 ComputationalResults:HorizontalGroundingElectrode 84
2.3 SingleHorizontalWireinthePresenceofaLossyHalf-Space:
ComparisonofAnalyticalSolution,NumericalSolution,and
TransmissionLineApproximation 86
2.3.1 WireaboveaPerfectGround 88
2.3.2 WireaboveanImperfectGround 89
2.3.3 WireBuriedinaLossyGround 89
Contents ix
2.3.4 AnalyticalSolution 90
2.3.5 BoundaryElementProcedure 92
2.3.6 TheTransmissionLineModel 93
2.3.7 ModifiedTransmissionLineModel 94
2.3.8 ComputationalExamples 95
2.3.8.1 WireaboveaPECGround 95
2.3.8.2 WireaboveaLossyGround 95
2.3.8.3 WireBuriedinaLossyGround 103
2.3.9 FieldTransmittedinaLowerLossyHalf-Space 103
2.3.10 NumericalResults 110
2.4 SingleVerticalWireinthePresenceofaLossyHalf-Space:
ComparisonofAnalyticalSolution,NumericalSolution,and
TransmissionLineApproximation 114
2.4.1 NumericalSolution 117
2.4.2 AnalyticalSolution 119
2.4.3 ComputationalExamples 121
2.4.3.1 TransmittingAntenna 122
2.4.3.2 ReceivingAntenna 122
2.5 MagneticCurrentLoopExcitationofThinWires 132
2.5.1 DeltaGapandMagneticFrill 134
2.5.2 MagneticCurrentLoop 135
2.5.3 NumericalSolution 136
2.5.4 NumericalResults 139
References 146
3 ElectromagneticFieldCouplingtoOverheadWires 153
3.1 FrequencyDomainModelsandMethods 154
3.1.1 AntennaTheoryApproach:SetofCoupledPocklington’s
Equations 154
3.1.2 NumericalSolution 160
3.1.3 TransmissionLineApproximation:Telegrapher’sEquationsinthe
FrequencyDomain 162
3.1.4 ComputationalExamples 162
3.2 TimeDomainModelsandMethods 167
3.2.1 TheAntennaTheoryModel 167
3.2.2 TheNumericalSolution 175
3.2.3 TheTransmissionLineModel 181
3.2.4 TheSolutionofTransmissionLineEquationsviaFDTD 182
3.2.5 NumericalResults 184
3.3 ApplicationstoAntennaSystems 187
3.3.1 HelixAntennas 187
3.3.2 Log-PeriodicDipoleArrays 190
3.3.3 GPRDipoleAntennas 198
References 202
x Contents
4 ElectromagneticFieldCouplingtoBuriedWires 205
4.1 FrequencyDomainModeling 205
4.1.1 AntennaTheoryApproach:SetofCoupledPocklington’sEquations
forArbitraryWireConfigurations 206
4.1.2 AntennaTheoryApproach:NumericalSolution 210
4.1.3 TransmissionLineApproximation: 212
4.1.4 ComputationalExamples 213
4.2 TimeDomainModeling 216
4.2.1 AntennaTheoryApproach 216
4.2.2 TransmissionLineModel 219
4.2.3 ComputationalExamples 223
References 223
5 LightningElectromagnetics 225
5.1 AntennaModelofLightningChannel 225
5.1.1 IntegralEquationFormulation 226
5.1.2 ComputationalExamples 228
5.2 VerticalAntennaModelofaLightningRod 230
5.2.1 IntegralEquationFormulation 234
5.2.2 ComputationalExamples 236
5.3 AntennaModelofaWindTurbineExposedtoLightning
Strike 237
5.3.1 IntegralEquationFormulationforMultipleOverheadWires 240
5.3.2 NumericalSolutionofIntegralEquationSetforOverhead
Wires 241
5.3.3 ComputationalExample:TransientResponseofaWTLightning
Strike 242
References 247
6 TransientAnalysisofGroundingSystems 253
6.1 FrequencyDomainAnalysisofHorizontalGrounding
Electrode 254
6.1.1 IntegralEquationFormulation/ReflectionCoefficient
Approach 254
6.1.2 NumericalSolution 257
6.1.3 IntegralEquationFormulation/SommerfeldIntegralApproach 258
6.1.4 AnalyticalSolution 260
6.1.5 ModifiedTransmissionLineMethod(TLM)Approach 261
6.1.6 ComputationalExamples 261
6.1.7 ApplicationofMagneticCurrentLoop(MCL)Sourcemodelto
HorizontalGroundingElectrode 284
6.2 FrequencyDomainAnalysisofVerticalGroundingElectrode 288
6.2.1 IntegralEquationFormulation/ReflectionCoefficient
Approach 288
Contents xi
6.2.2 NumericalSolution 290
6.2.3 AnalyticalSolution 291
6.2.4 Examples 292
6.3 FrequencyDomainAnalysisofComplexGroundingSystems 297
6.3.1 AntennaTheoryApproach:SetofHomogeneousPocklington’s
Integro-DifferentialEquationsforGroundingSystems 298
6.3.2 AntennaTheoryApproach:NumericalSolution 300
6.3.3 ModifiedTransmissionLineMethodApproach 301
6.3.4 FiniteDifferenceSolutionofthePotentialDifferentialEquationfor
TransientInducedVoltage 301
6.3.5 ComputationalExamples:GroundingGridsandRings 304
6.3.6 ComputationalExamples:GroundingSystemsforWTs 311
6.4 TimeDomainAnalysisofHorizontalGroundingElectrodes 320
6.4.1 HomogeneousIntegralEquationFormulationintheTime
Domain 321
6.4.2 NumericalSolutionProcedureforPocklington’sEquation 322
6.4.3 NumericalResultsforGroundingElectrode 323
6.4.4 AnalyticalSolutionofPocklington’sEquation 323
6.4.5 TransmissionLineModel 324
6.4.6 FDTDSolutionofTelegrapher’sEquations 325
6.4.7 TheLeakageCurrent 326
6.4.8 ComputationalExamplesfortheHorizontalGrounding
Electrode 328
References 331
PartII AdvancedModelsinBioelectromagnetics 337
7 HumanExposuretoElectromagneticFields–General
Aspects 339
7.1 Dosimetry 340
7.1.1 LowFrequencyExposures 341
7.1.2 HighFrequencyExposures 342
7.2 CouplingMechanisms 342
7.2.1 CouplingtoLFElectricFields 343
7.2.2 CouplingtoLFMagneticFields 343
7.2.3 AbsorptionofEnergyfromElectromagneticRadiation 343
7.2.4 IndirectCouplingMechanisms 344
7.3 BiologicalEffects 344
7.3.1 EffectsofELFFields 345
7.3.2 EffectsofHFRadiation 345
7.4 SafetyGuidelinesandExposureLimits 348
7.5 SomeRemarks 351
References 351
xii Contents
8 ModelingofHumanExposuretoStaticandLowFrequency
Fields 353
8.1 ExposuretoStaticFields 354
8.1.1 FiniteElementSolution 356
8.1.2 BoundaryElementSolution 357
8.1.3 NumericalResults 360
8.2 ExposuretoLowFrequency(LF)Fields 361
8.2.1 NumericalResults 362
References 363
9 ModelingofHumanExposuretoHighFrequency(HF)
ElectromagneticFields 365
9.1 InternalElectromagneticFieldDosimetryMethods 366
9.1.1 SolutionbytheHybridFiniteElement/BoundaryElement
Approach 366
9.1.2 NumericalResultsfortheHumanEyeExposure 368
9.1.3 SolutionbytheMethodofMoments 372
9.1.4 ComputationalExamplefortheBrainExposure 380
9.2 ThermalDosimetryProcedures 381
9.2.1 FiniteElementSolutionofBio-HeatTransferEquation 381
9.2.2 NumericalResults 382
References 383
10 BiomedicalApplicationsofElectromagneticFields 387
10.1 ModelingofInducedFieldsduetoTranscranialMagnetic
Stimulation(TMS)Treatment 388
10.1.1 NumericalResults 391
10.2 ModelingofNerveFiberExcitation 392
10.2.1 PassiveNerveFiber 396
10.2.2 NumericalResultsforPassiveNerveFiber 397
10.2.3 ActiveNerveFiber 397
10.2.4 NumericalResultsforActiveNerveFiber 401
References 403
Index 407