Table Of ContentComputational Intelligence Processing
in Medical Diagnosis
Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing
Editor-in-chief
Prof. Janusz Kacprzyk
Systems Research Institute
Polish Academy of Sciences
ul. Newelska 6
01-447 Warsaw, Poland
E-mail: [email protected]
http://www.springer.de/cgi-binlsearch_book.pl?series =2 941
Further volumes of this series can Vol. 87. C. Bertoluzza, M.A. Gil and D.A. Rales
be found at our homepage. cu (Eds.)
Statistical Modeling, Analysis and Management
of Fuzzy Data, 2002
Vol. 78. U. Seiffert and L. C. Jain (Eds.)
ISBN 3-7908-1440-7
Self-Organizing Neural Networks, 2002
ISBN 3-7908-1417-2
Vol. 88. R.P. Srivastava and TJ. Mock (Eds.)
Belief Functions in Business Decisions, 2002
Vol. 79. A. Osyczka
ISBN 3-7908-1451-2
Evolutionary Algorithms for Single and
Multicriteria Design Optimization, 2002
Vol. 89. B. Bouchon-Meunier, 1. Gutierrez-Rios,
ISBN 3-7908-1418-0
L. Magdalena and R. R. Yager (Eds.)
Technologies for Constructing Intelligent Systems ],
Vol. 80. P. Wong, F. Aminzadeh and M. Nikravesh
2002
(Eds.)
ISBN 3-7908-1454-7
Soft Computing for Reservoir Characterization
and Modeling, 2002
Vol. 90. B. Bouchon-Meunier, 1. Gutierrez-Rios,
ISBN 3-7908-1421-0
L. Magdalena and R. R. Yager (Eds.)
Vol. 81. V. Dimitrov and V. Korotkich (Eds.) Technologies for Constructing Intelligent Systems 2,
2002
Fuzzy Logic, 2002
ISBN 3-7908-1455-5
ISBN 3-7908-1425-3
Vol. 82. Ch. Carlsson and R. Fuller Vol. 91. 1.1. Buckley, E. Eslami and T. Feuring
Fuzzy Reasoning in Decision Making and Fuzzy Mathematics in Economics and Engineering,
Optimization, 2002 2002
ISBN 3-7908-1428-8 ISBN 3-7908-1456-3
Vol. 83. S. Barro and R. Marin (Eds.) Vol. 92. P. P. Angelov
Fuzzy Logic in Medicine, 2002 Evolving Rule-Based Models, 2002
ISBN 3-7908-1429-6 ISBN 3-7908-1457-1
Vol. 84. L. C. Jain and J. Kacprzyk (Eds.) Vol. 93. v. v. Cross and T A. Sudkamp
New Learning Paradigms in Soft Computing, 2002 Similarity and Compatibility in Fuzzy Set Theory,
ISBN 3-7908-1436-9 2002
ISBN 3-7908-1458-X
Vol. 85. D. Rutkowska
Neuro-Fuzzy Architectures and Hybrid Learning, Vol. 94. M. MacCrimmon and P. Tillers (Eds.)
2002 The Dynamics of ludical Proof, 2002
ISBN 3-7908-1438-5 ISBN 3-7908-1459-8
Vol. 86. M.B. Gorzatczany Vol. 95. T. Y. Lin, Y. Y. Yao and L. A. Zadeh (Eds)
Computational Intelligence Systems Data Mining, Rough Sets and Granular
and Applications, 2002 Computing, 2002
ISBN 3-7908-1439-3 ISBN 3-7908-1461-X
Manfred Schmitt
Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu
Ashlesha Jain · Ajita Jain
Sandyha Jain · Lakhmi C. Jain
Editors
Computational
Intelligence Processing
in Medical Diagnosis
With 103 Figures
and 49 Tables
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Professor Dr. Manfred Schmitt Ajita Jain
Technical University of Munich Bellevue Residential Care Centre
Ismaninger StraBe 22 Bellevue Heights, Adelaide
81675 Miinchen South Australia 5050
Germany
[email protected] Dr. Sandhya Jain
Julia Farr Services
Professor Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu Fullarton Road, Adelaide
Romanian Academy South Australia 5063
Calea Victoriei 125
Bucharest Professor Lakhmi C. Jain
Romania University of South Australia
[email protected] Knowledge-Based Intelligent
Engineering Systems Centre
Dr. Ashlesha Jain Mawson Lakes, Adelaide
The Queens Elizabeth Hospital South Australia 5095
Woodville Road [email protected]
Woodville, Adelaide
South Australia 5011
ISSN 1434-9922
ISBN 978-3-7908-2509-1 ISBN 978-3-7908-1788-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-7908-1788-1
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Computational intelligence processing in medical diagnosis: with 49 tables / Manfred Schmitt ... (eds.). -
Heidelberg; New York: Physic a-VerI., 2002
(Studies in fuzziness and soft computing; Vol. 96)
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tions are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002
Originally published by Physica-Verlag Heidelberg in 2002
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protec
tive laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Hardcover Design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg
DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to our students.
The proceeds of royalty will be donated to a Charity.
Foreword
Health systems today suffer from runaway costs, inconsistent practice
at different sites, lengthy service delays, medical errors, failure to serve
remote regions, and the need to use generalists as gatekeepers even
though this leads to large diagnostic quality disparities when compared
to specialists' decisions. Computerized assistance for medical diagnosis
and treatment is a key to solving each of these dilemmas. Medical
doctors often indicate that diagnosing disease is the fun part of their job
and they aren't interested in having it automated. Like so many othe-!-"
fields, however, the goal is not to eliminate the professional but to
extend their reach, and improve overall system performance. Ideally, an
array of diagnostic and treatment software programs could act like a
force multiplier and help a health system to develop and prosper.
Consumers would benefit as well.
Seems like a "no-brainer" as my students would say. After all, auto
matic diagnostic software is embedded in everyday kitchen appliances,
office equipment, and industrial machinery. Even car mechanics use a
diagnostic machine to figure out what's wrong with your car. And,
airplanes these days come with automatic takeoff and landing software
as well as auto-piloting enroute, yet pilots have gotten over the issue of
automation helping with the 'fun part' of the job. So why don't doctors
already have and use an array of diagnostic programs?
Everyone knows that mechanical systems are far simpler than animate
or biological ones to diagnose when trouble arises. The former tend to
be deterministic or, at worst, have known probability distributions. The
latter are indeterminate and often complex. The complexity arises since
there are potentially so many interacting subsystems, co-occurring
diseases, and scientific unknowns. Many conditions are not well
understood, and for those that appear to be understood, the half-life of
knowledge is relatively short. New evidence comes out all the time that
replaces the old rules, a fact that makes it equally difficult for either
viii Foreword
software or human diagnosers to keep up-to-date. In sum, these
combined set of issues have lead many people to realize that viable
diagnostic and treatment software for the medical field is a "grand
challenge" problem.
Given this backdrop, one can't help but be impressed with the extent of
intellectual effort by the authors in the current volume. When tackling
stubborn problems, one of the primary tactics of systems thinkers is to
look beyond your own narrow discipline, to think holistically, and to
integrate a larger synthesis. By combining many alternative views of
the same problem space - neural nets, fuzzy sets, evolutionary
techniques, knowledge based approaches, nonlinear dynamics, and so
on - Professor Jain has striven for such a synthesis. He calls this
synthesis "computational intelligence," but those of us in the systems
field view it as a homerun, a ball knocked into the systems thinking
bleachers. Readers should enjoy this collection on that level as well as
for the details in each of the many excellent chapters. This book
documents an exciting curve in the ongoing stream of efforts to
improve health care systems. It should help readers to see larger vistas
and new directions worth pursuing.
Barry G. Silverman, PhD
Professor and Director
Ackoff Center for Advancement of Systems Approaches (ACASA)
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6315
U.S.A.
Preface
Computational intelligence techniques are gammg momentum in
medical prognosis and diagnosis. Computational intelligence paradigms
include expert systems, artificial neural networks, fuzzy systems,
evolutionary computing, data mining and knowledge discovery. There
are many real world problems, including medical diagnosis problems,
which do not provide the needed information, or the systems under
consideration is not well defmed. These problems are not easy to solve
using conventional computing approaches but computational
intelligence may playa major role in these areas.
Increasing numbers of physicians rely on tools and methods that are
"computational-intensive," and moreover "knowledge processing
intensive." To cope with the demand of over increasing knowledge,
physicians and bio-medical engineers have reached a new realm where
computers are not tools, but partners in the medical act. New
computational intelligence paradigms are always emerging in medicine.
The successful manipulation of these paradigms relies on
computational intelligence tools and on the understanding of their
basics by the human partner.
In a domain like medicine where knowledge is generated at an
exponentially growing pace, the only choice left to practitioners is to
correspondingly increase their use of computer-based facilities and to
supplement their knowledge and skills by the support offered by
computers and computational intelligence. Current high prices of the
medical care and increasing complexity of the medicine could
encourage a widespread switch to alternative, sometimes new and
today strange-looking, possibilities for practicing medicine - from tele
diagnosis to the nursing robot to remote robotic surgery. While these
are currently very expensive, the computational intelligence price tag is
constantly decreasing.
x Preface
The topics in this volume have been carefully selected to offer a global
overview of the state of the art in the domain of computational
intelligence in medicine. All chapters focus on the medical
applications, while providing a comprehensive description of technical
tools. Essentials on both medical and technical aspects are provided in
each chapter to make them easy to read and consistent. Clear and
concise explanations for learning paradigms are provided on all topics.
Moreover, the contributors of the chapters explain what, when, how,
and why information technology solutions are of value. The
contributors consists of an international pool of recognized experts in
the field. All in all, this is a highly practical book matching the needs of
many categories of readers.
The volume is addressed to physicians who use advanced computer
based tools and intelligent devices in their daily practice and research to
bio-medical engineers, to computer scientists applying artificial
intelligence in medicine or specializing in this field. The volume will
also appeal to students in the medical sciences, bio-medical engineering
and computer science.
This volume provides medical practitioners with a crop of new tools for
their work, whilst also providing the engineer with an array of
applications for their knowledge.
We believe that this book will be of great value to researchers,
practicing doctors and research students. Most of all, however, this
book aims to provide the practicing doctor and scientist with case
studies using the most recent approaches.
We are grateful to the authors and reviewers for their valuable
contribution. We are indebted to Berend Jan van der Zwaag for his help
in the preparation of the manuscript. We also thank the editorial staff of
Springer-Verlag for their excellent editorial assistance.
